{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998015131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3364836.3364843","title":"Automatic Classification of Exudates in Color Fundus Images Using an Augmented Deep Learning Procedure","display_name":"Automatic Classification of Exudates in Color Fundus Images Using an Augmented Deep Learning Procedure","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998015131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3364836.3364843","mag":"2998015131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3364836.3364843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3364836.3364843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Image Computing and Digital Medicine","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436144","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-6989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086973","display_name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/000sxmx78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973","https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101859490","display_name":"Ying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2127-5751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086973","display_name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/000sxmx78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973","https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101805687","display_name":"Bing Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-7731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086973","display_name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/000sxmx78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973","https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009623889","display_name":"Wencan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7576-3019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086973","display_name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/000sxmx78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wencan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973","https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353596","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8400-3780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086973","display_name":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/000sxmx78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086973","https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041650010","display_name":"Jiantao Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2127-5313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092485","display_name":"Bioengineering (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m2xfz17","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092485"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiantao Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I4210092485"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100436144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210086973"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.508,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69705408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"31","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8567514419555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.739332377910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7180753350257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6390517354011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6136913299560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5828024744987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5441163778305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5097784399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4815378785133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4519415497779846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8567514419555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.739332377910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7180753350257874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6390517354011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6136913299560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5828024744987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5441163778305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5097784399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4815378785133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4519415497779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3364836.3364843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3364836.3364843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Image Computing and Digital Medicine","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2967712474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20170391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6191968946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21CA197493, R01HL096613","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337373","funder_display_name":"Center for Information Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7195110688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y20190180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324224","funder_display_name":"Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324224","display_name":"Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/02fr0s482"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337373","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627339368","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1954647394","https://openalex.org/W1989786678","https://openalex.org/W1995023030","https://openalex.org/W2010099973","https://openalex.org/W2034598891","https://openalex.org/W2040904686","https://openalex.org/W2045626752","https://openalex.org/W2053392410","https://openalex.org/W2095006131","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2118461103","https://openalex.org/W2162698990","https://openalex.org/W2253535767","https://openalex.org/W2433157206","https://openalex.org/W2520503963","https://openalex.org/W2529609428","https://openalex.org/W2538462707","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2741033153","https://openalex.org/W2749049648","https://openalex.org/W2750580920","https://openalex.org/W2765804636","https://openalex.org/W2917714716","https://openalex.org/W2921056821","https://openalex.org/W2922255001","https://openalex.org/W3103194435"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310880831","https://openalex.org/W2766604260","https://openalex.org/W2986507176","https://openalex.org/W3160711233","https://openalex.org/W4220996320","https://openalex.org/W3018421652","https://openalex.org/W2996856019","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2912288872","https://openalex.org/W3160224718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"classification":[1,78,181,230],"of":[2,17,54,67,87,108,122,138,147,183,192],"hard":[3,94,114],"and":[4,93,115,157,161,206,211,236],"soft":[5,92],"exudates":[6],"in":[7,135,170],"color":[8],"fundus":[9,88,102],"images":[10,239],"is":[11],"very":[12],"helpful":[13],"for":[14,34,155,159,217],"computer-aided":[15],"diagnosis":[16],"retina":[18],"related":[19],"diseases,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22,45,197,202],"diabetic":[23],"retinopathy":[24],"(DR).":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27,35,184],"study,":[28],"we":[29,83],"developed":[30,166],"a":[31,85,106,119,171],"novel":[32],"method":[33,185],"purpose":[36],"based":[37],"on":[38],"the":[39,57,65,68,77,165,180,189,193,209,223,233,237],"emerging":[40],"deep":[41,167],"learning":[42,168,200],"technology":[43],"known":[44],"convolutional":[46],"neural":[47],"networks":[48],"(CNNs)":[49],"by":[50],"leveraging":[51],"its":[52],"strength":[53],"explicitly":[55],"extracting":[56],"underlying":[58],"image":[59,69,89,111,132,139,148],"textures.":[60],"We":[61],"specifically":[62],"investigate":[63],"whether":[64],"emphasis":[66],"characteristic":[70],"within":[71],"an":[72,198],"exudate":[73,97,143],"spot":[74],"could":[75],"improve":[76],"performance.":[79],"To":[80],"verify":[81],"this,":[82],"collected":[84],"database":[86],"that":[90,179,222],"contains":[91],"exudates.":[95],"The":[96],"regions":[98],"were":[99,127,215,240],"cropped":[100,110],"from":[101],"images.":[103],"There":[104],"are":[105],"total":[107],"550":[109],"patches":[112,126,140,149],"(275":[113],"275":[116],"soft)":[117],"with":[118],"fixed":[120],"dimension":[121],"128\u00d7128":[123],"pixels.":[124],"These":[125],"further":[128],"thresholded":[129,190],"to":[130,204],"exclude":[131],"background,":[133],"resulting":[134],"another":[136],"version":[137,146,191],"merely":[141],"containing":[142],"regions.":[144],"Each":[145],"was":[150,186,195],"randomly":[151],"divided":[152],"into":[153,164],"440":[154],"training":[156],"110":[158],"testing,":[160],"then":[162],"fed":[163],"network":[169],"separate":[172],"or":[173],"combinatorial":[174],"way.":[175],"Experimental":[176],"results":[177],"showed":[178],"accuracy":[182],"93.41%":[187],"when":[188,208,232],"dataset":[194],"used":[196,216],"augmented":[199,224],"procedure,":[201],"compared":[203],"90.80%":[205],"87.41%":[207],"original":[210,238],"background":[212],"excluded":[213],"datasets":[214],"training,":[218],"respectively.":[219],"This":[220],"suggests":[221],"CNN":[225],"can":[226],"provide":[227],"more":[228],"accurate":[229],"performance":[231],"region-of-interest":[234],"(ROI)":[235],"integrated.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}