{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990238172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361147","title":"Hidden in Plaintext","display_name":"Hidden in Plaintext","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990238172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361147","mag":"2990238172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3361147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361147","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3361147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3361147","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073744069","display_name":"Tamzidul Hoque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6845-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamzidul Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037185687","display_name":"Kai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-7741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049193989","display_name":"Robert Karam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2713-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Karam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002624062","display_name":"Shahin Tajik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3752-2358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahin Tajik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009243659","display_name":"Domenic Forte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenic Forte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073054890","display_name":"Mark Tehranipoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-3231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Tehranipoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442844","display_name":"Swarup Bhunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Bhunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78522154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8693156838417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.630125880241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6132602691650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6039817929267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6006278991699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.5573006868362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.5505861043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4986076354980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.4808412492275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4184321165084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.351004034280777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.325667142868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.2141614854335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17760711908340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16107818484306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10136574506759644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8693156838417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.630125880241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6132602691650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6039817929267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6006278991699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.5573006868362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.5505861043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4986076354980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4808412492275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4184321165084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.351004034280777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.325667142868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2141614854335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17760711908340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16107818484306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10136574506759644}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3361147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361147","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3361147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3361147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361147","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3361147","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049906169","display_name":"SaTC: STARSS: Collaborative: IPTrust: A Comprehensive Framework for IP Integrity Validation","funder_award_id":"1603483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990238172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2990238172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595874977","https://openalex.org/W1975607764","https://openalex.org/W2060389684","https://openalex.org/W2093154965","https://openalex.org/W2102831150","https://openalex.org/W2107937248","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2134631869","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2143154265","https://openalex.org/W2291356006","https://openalex.org/W2473120195","https://openalex.org/W2570260769","https://openalex.org/W2588369819","https://openalex.org/W2589000776","https://openalex.org/W2766071343","https://openalex.org/W2892708618","https://openalex.org/W2896083964","https://openalex.org/W2904713743","https://openalex.org/W2911567666","https://openalex.org/W2949797438","https://openalex.org/W2951156228","https://openalex.org/W4241352338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544665014","https://openalex.org/W2748364266","https://openalex.org/W4243861219","https://openalex.org/W2556374054","https://openalex.org/W2069545207","https://openalex.org/W2092579166","https://openalex.org/W2969723039","https://openalex.org/W1653474085","https://openalex.org/W3092327956","https://openalex.org/W2048539412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Field":[0],"Programmable":[1],"Gate":[2],"Arrays":[3],"(FPGAs)":[4],"have":[5,39,184],"become":[6],"an":[7,109,248],"attractive":[8],"choice":[9],"for":[10],"diverse":[11],"applications":[12,71],"due":[13],"to":[14,24,28,63,94,176,232],"their":[15,60],"reconfigurability":[16],"and":[17,54,101,119,180,189],"unique":[18,117],"security":[19,49],"features.":[20],"However,":[21],"designs":[22,231],"mapped":[23],"FPGAs":[25],"are":[26,72,142],"prone":[27],"malicious":[29],"modifications":[30,38],"or":[31],"tampering":[32,66,104],"of":[33,44,105,130,150,154,212,241,252],"critical":[34,106,125,163,219,239],"functions.":[35,164],"Besides,":[36],"targeted":[37,102],"demonstrably":[40],"compromised":[41],"FPGA":[42,110],"implementations":[43],"various":[45,229],"cryptographic":[46,83,230],"primitives.":[47],"Existing":[48],"measures":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52,203],"encryption":[53],"authentication":[55],"can":[56],"be":[57],"bypassed":[58],"using":[59,133],"side-channel":[61],"vulnerabilities":[62],"execute":[64],"bitstream":[65],"attacks.":[67],"Furthermore,":[68,165],"numerous":[69],"resource-constrained":[70],"now":[73],"equipped":[74],"with":[75,195],"low-end":[76],"FPGAs,":[77],"which":[78,151],"may":[79],"not":[80],"support":[81],"power-hungry":[82],"solutions.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"article,":[87],"we":[88,208],"propose":[89],"a":[90,134,171,186,204,242],"novel":[91],"obfuscation-based":[92],"approach":[93,246],"achieve":[95],"strong":[96,261],"resistance":[97],"against":[98],"both":[99],"random":[100,181],"pre-configuration":[103],"functions":[107],"in":[108,216,228],"design.":[111],"Our":[112],"solution":[113,227],"first":[114],"identifies":[115],"the":[116,124,128,131,162,167,200,210,213,218,224,234,244],"structural":[118],"functional":[120],"features":[121,141],"that":[122,193],"separate":[123],"function":[126],"from":[127],"rest":[129],"design":[132,205],"machine":[135],"learning":[136],"guided":[137],"framework.":[138],"The":[139],"selected":[140],"eliminated":[143],"by":[144],"applying":[145,199],"appropriate":[146],"obfuscation":[147,169],"techniques,":[148],"many":[149],"take":[152],"advantage":[153],"\u201cFPGA":[155],"dark":[156],"silicon\u201d\u2014unused":[157],"lookup":[158],"table":[159],"resources\u2014to":[160],"mask":[161],"following":[166],"same":[168],"principle,":[170],"redundancy-based":[172,257],"technique":[173,202],"is":[174],"proposed":[175,214,245],"thwart":[177],"targeted,":[178],"rule-based,":[179],"tampering.":[182],"We":[183,222],"developed":[185],"complete":[187],"methodology":[188],"custom":[190],"software":[191],"toolflow":[192],"integrates":[194],"commercial":[196],"tools.":[197],"By":[198],"masking":[201],"containing":[206],"AES,":[207],"show":[209],"effectiveness":[211],"framework":[215],"hiding":[217],"S-Box":[220],"function.":[221],"implement":[223],"redundancy":[225],"integrated":[226],"analyze":[233],"overhead.":[235],"To":[236],"protect":[237],"16.2%":[238],"component":[240],"design,":[243],"incurs":[247],"average":[249],"area":[250],"overhead":[251],"only":[253],"2.4%":[254],"over":[255],"similar":[256],"approaches,":[258],"while":[259],"achieving":[260],"security.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}