{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980222512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3360544","title":"Probabilistic verification of fairness properties via concentration","display_name":"Probabilistic verification of fairness properties via concentration","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980222512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3360544","mag":"2980222512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3360544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3360544","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3360544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3360544","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029243071","display_name":"Osbert Bastani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9990-7566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osbert Bastani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327572","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-7662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010786661","display_name":"Armando Solar-Lezama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-8252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armando Solar-Lezama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2357,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95354196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"OOPSLA","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.9065447449684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7781312465667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7152793407440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6809722781181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6353826522827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5123084783554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4817121624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3832629919052124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.9065447449684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7781312465667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7152793407440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6809722781181335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6353826522827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5123084783554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4817121624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3832629919052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3360544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3360544","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3360544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3360544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3360544","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3360544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1588618246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2699","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338298","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research Global"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504108201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8105294677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2699","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338298","display_name":"Office of Naval Research Global","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980222512.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980222512.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175120007","https://openalex.org/W584462734","https://openalex.org/W1489725951","https://openalex.org/W1507645993","https://openalex.org/W1533572394","https://openalex.org/W1544634046","https://openalex.org/W1551315579","https://openalex.org/W1560643704","https://openalex.org/W1589239973","https://openalex.org/W1631091010","https://openalex.org/W1783413852","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1975447428","https://openalex.org/W2006912660","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2048025009","https://openalex.org/W2060573639","https://openalex.org/W2067971887","https://openalex.org/W2072727857","https://openalex.org/W2097246321","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2103012681","https://openalex.org/W2107399212","https://openalex.org/W2116666691","https://openalex.org/W2130514924","https://openalex.org/W2134991157","https://openalex.org/W2147427185","https://openalex.org/W2155049725","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2167770337","https://openalex.org/W2295266283","https://openalex.org/W2395317528","https://openalex.org/W2494200839","https://openalex.org/W2540757487","https://openalex.org/W2543296129","https://openalex.org/W2552366573","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2612078462","https://openalex.org/W2730550703","https://openalex.org/W2744538883","https://openalex.org/W2745133928","https://openalex.org/W2753845591","https://openalex.org/W2762833920","https://openalex.org/W2786163515","https://openalex.org/W2794609696","https://openalex.org/W2808105152","https://openalex.org/W2950538796","https://openalex.org/W2962922665","https://openalex.org/W2962951800","https://openalex.org/W2962977061","https://openalex.org/W2963095100","https://openalex.org/W2963174898","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963453196","https://openalex.org/W3089425725","https://openalex.org/W3101972507","https://openalex.org/W3121483320","https://openalex.org/W3123374861","https://openalex.org/W4233413206","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W6638208828","https://openalex.org/W6707756096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W4283160672","https://openalex.org/W1590965489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"machine":[1,88],"learning":[2,89],"systems":[3,28],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,24,59,68,86,120,136],"make":[8,69],"real":[9],"world":[10],"legal":[11],"and":[12,81],"financial":[13],"decisions,":[14],"it":[15,64,84],"is":[16,98],"of":[17,103,123,134],"paramount":[18],"importance":[19],"that":[20,26,83,97,128],"we":[21,126,129],"develop":[22],"algorithms":[23],"verify":[25],"these":[27],"do":[29],"not":[30],"discriminate":[31],"against":[32],"minorities.":[33],"We":[34,72],"design":[35],"a":[36,70,77,92],"scalable":[37],"algorithm":[38,44,58,75],"for":[39],"verifying":[40],"fairness":[41],"specifications.":[42],"Our":[43],"obtains":[45],"strong":[46],"correctness":[47],"guarantees":[48,118],"based":[49],"on":[50],"adaptive":[51],"concentration":[52],"inequalities;":[53],"such":[54],"inequalities":[55],"enable":[56],"our":[57,74,113],"adaptively":[60],"take":[61],"samples":[62],"until":[63],"has":[65],"enough":[66],"data":[67],"decision.":[71],"implement":[73],"in":[76],"tool":[78],"called":[79],"VeriFair,":[80],"show":[82,127],"scales":[85],"large":[87],"models,":[90],"including":[91],"deep":[93],"recurrent":[94],"neural":[95,110],"network":[96],"more":[99],"than":[100,106],"five":[101],"orders":[102],"magnitude":[104],"larger":[105],"the":[107,121,132],"largest":[108],"previously-verified":[109],"network.":[111],"While":[112],"technique":[114],"only":[115],"gives":[116],"probabilistic":[117],"due":[119],"use":[122],"random":[124],"samples,":[125],"can":[130],"choose":[131],"probability":[133],"error":[135],"be":[137],"extremely":[138],"small.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}