{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2977100904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360496","title":"Context-aware Anomaly Detector for Monitoring Cyber Attacks on Automotive CAN Bus","display_name":"Context-aware Anomaly Detector for Monitoring Cyber Attacks on Automotive CAN Bus","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2977100904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360496","mag":"2977100904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359999.3360496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360496","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computer Science in Cars Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/544552","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005926383","display_name":"Harsha Kalutarage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6430-9558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harsha Kumara Kalutarage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Gordon University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Gordon University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108813496","display_name":"M. Omar Al-Kadri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Omar Al-Kadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Gordon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Gordon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024520698","display_name":"Madeline Cheah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-0173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158139479","display_name":"Horiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1e9e96","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158139479"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madeline Cheah","raw_affiliation_strings":["HORIBA-MIRA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HORIBA-MIRA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158139479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081851874","display_name":"Garikayi Madzudzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1156-3875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158139479","display_name":"Horiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1e9e96","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158139479"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garikayi Madzudzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["HORIBA-MIRA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HORIBA-MIRA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158139479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0898,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7851365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7575453519821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/can-bus","display_name":"CAN bus","score":0.7107883095741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6921376585960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6351990103721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6347768306732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6345669627189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4687854051589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4507911801338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-electronics","display_name":"Automotive electronics","score":0.44936054944992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.43933433294296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.431160569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4268040060997009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42404720187187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.344504177570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2699838876724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20836496353149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.15945389866828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1012444794178009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7575453519821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201762086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728183","display_name":"CAN bus","level":2,"score":0.7107883095741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6921376585960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6351990103721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6347768306732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6345669627189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4687854051589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4507911801338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778520156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449343","display_name":"Automotive electronics","level":3,"score":0.44936054944992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43933433294296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.431160569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4268040060997009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42404720187187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.344504177570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2699838876724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20836496353149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15945389866828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1012444794178009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359999.3360496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359999.3360496","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computer Science in Cars Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:544552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/544552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:544552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/544552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87635799","https://openalex.org/W182831726","https://openalex.org/W1995713768","https://openalex.org/W2037777662","https://openalex.org/W2065806894","https://openalex.org/W2069035496","https://openalex.org/W2096279841","https://openalex.org/W2106958114","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2133854595","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2148974412","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2161592722","https://openalex.org/W2286343943","https://openalex.org/W2296701710","https://openalex.org/W2545810962","https://openalex.org/W2594590543","https://openalex.org/W2739928414","https://openalex.org/W2741086811","https://openalex.org/W2883344982","https://openalex.org/W2883599316","https://openalex.org/W2888810827","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2945012921","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W3105105644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988512354","https://openalex.org/W2016184484","https://openalex.org/W2018330526","https://openalex.org/W2151841126","https://openalex.org/W4200556771","https://openalex.org/W3086576397","https://openalex.org/W2056205537","https://openalex.org/W2118026734","https://openalex.org/W2142765294","https://openalex.org/W300648033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automotive":[0],"electronics":[1],"is":[2,83,136,152],"rapidly":[3],"expanding.":[4],"An":[5],"average":[6],"vehicle":[7],"contains":[8],"million":[9],"lines":[10],"of":[11,17,25,43,107,138],"software":[12],"codes,":[13],"running":[14],"on":[15,77,85],"100":[16],"electronic":[18],"control":[19],"units":[20],"(ECUs),":[21],"in":[22],"supporting":[23],"number":[24],"safety,":[26],"driver":[27],"assistance":[28],"and":[29,103,118],"infotainment":[30],"functions.":[31],"These":[32],"ECUs":[33],"are":[34],"networked":[35],"using":[36,89,123,145],"a":[37,51,69,127,155],"Controller":[38],"Area":[39],"Network":[40],"(CAN).":[41],"Security":[42],"the":[44,78,108],"CAN":[45,59,79],"bus":[46],"has":[47,60],"not":[48],"historically":[49],"been":[50],"major":[52],"concern,":[53],"however,":[54],"recent":[55],"research":[56],"demonstrate":[57,132],"that":[58,133],"many":[61],"vulnerabilities":[62],"to":[63],"cyber":[64,75,159],"attacks.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"presents":[68],"contextualised":[70],"anomaly":[71],"detector":[72],"for":[73,101,154],"monitoring":[74],"attacks":[76,141],"bus.":[80],"Proposed":[81],"algorithm":[82,109,135],"based":[84],"message":[86],"sequence":[87],"modelling,":[88],"so":[90],"called":[91],"N-grams":[92],"distributions.":[93],"It":[94],"utilises":[95],"only":[96],"benign":[97],"data":[98,124],"(one":[99],"class)":[100],"training":[102],"threshold":[104],"estimation.":[105],"Performance":[106],"was":[110],"tested":[111],"against":[112],"two":[113],"different":[114],"attack":[115],"scenarios,":[116],"RPM":[117],"gear":[119],"gauge":[120],"messages":[121],"spoofing,":[122],"captured":[125],"from":[126],"real":[128],"vehicle.":[129],"Experimental":[130],"outcomes":[131],"proposed":[134],"capable":[137],"detecting":[139],"both":[140],"with":[142],"%100":[143],"accuracy,":[144],"far":[146],"smaller":[147],"time":[148],"windows":[149],"(100ms)":[150],"which":[151],"essential":[153],"practically":[156],"deployable":[157],"automotive":[158],"security":[160],"solution.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}