{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016631951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359991","title":"Punjabi to ISO 15919 and Roman Transliteration with Phonetic Rectification","display_name":"Punjabi to ISO 15919 and Roman Transliteration with Phonetic Rectification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016631951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359991","mag":"3016631951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000802697","display_name":"Muhammad Raihan Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8543-8404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Raihan Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan and Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan and Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210","https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053119897","display_name":"Khadim Hussain Asif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dr. Khadim Hussain Asif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000802697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I142732210","https://openalex.org/I192392021"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3923,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60763078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transliteration","display_name":"Transliteration","score":0.9697552919387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme","display_name":"Grapheme","score":0.819486141204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.788507342338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schwa","display_name":"Schwa","score":0.6483104228973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5844476819038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel","display_name":"Vowel","score":0.5407246947288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5275849103927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5083388686180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.47344088554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.42653200030326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.25973138213157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.061761707067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.058772504329681396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520968082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134550","display_name":"Transliteration","level":2,"score":0.9697552919387817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2545446","display_name":"Grapheme","level":3,"score":0.819486141204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.788507342338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780580791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209316","display_name":"Schwa","level":3,"score":0.6483104228973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5844476819038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.5407246947288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5275849103927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5083388686180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47344088554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.42653200030326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.25973138213157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.061761707067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.058772504329681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627937522","https://openalex.org/W1975192559","https://openalex.org/W1977553947","https://openalex.org/W1993180984","https://openalex.org/W2050502527","https://openalex.org/W2156456395","https://openalex.org/W2461874549","https://openalex.org/W2465630396","https://openalex.org/W2623472294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181688706","https://openalex.org/W2185088166","https://openalex.org/W2460550143","https://openalex.org/W163073912","https://openalex.org/W2154827307","https://openalex.org/W3150282468","https://openalex.org/W4235650339","https://openalex.org/W3016631951","https://openalex.org/W2332518766","https://openalex.org/W2348667503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transliteration":[0],"removes":[1],"the":[2,29,40,58,77,90,132,142,153,159,168],"script":[3,21,43,144],"barriers.":[4],"Unfortunately,":[5],"Punjabi":[6,30,41,53,143],"is":[7,22,37,63,113,145,188],"written":[8],"in":[9,52,98,162],"four":[10],"different":[11],"scripts,":[12],"i.e.,":[13],"Gurmukhi,":[14],"Shahmukhi,":[15],"Devnagri,":[16],"and":[17,127],"Latin.":[18],"The":[19,32,102,110,182],"Latin":[20,45,55],"understandable":[23],"for":[24,84],"nearly":[25],"all":[26],"factions":[27],"of":[28,34,60,79,93,105,166,184],"community.":[31],"objective":[33],"our":[35,185],"work":[36],"to":[38,54,115,179],"transliterate":[39],"Gurmukhi":[42],"into":[44],"script.":[46],"There":[47],"has":[48,69,135],"been":[49,136],"considerable":[50],"progress":[51],"transliteration,":[56],"but":[57],"accuracy":[59,183],"present-day":[61],"systems":[62,104],"less":[64],"than":[65],"50%":[66],"(Google":[67],"Translator":[68],"approximately":[70,189],"45%":[71],"accuracy).":[72],"We":[73],"do":[74],"not":[75],"have":[76],"facility":[78],"a":[80,174],"rich":[81],"parallel":[82],"corpus":[83],"Punjabi,":[85],"so":[86],"we":[87,172],"cannot":[88],"use":[89],"corpus-based":[91],"techniques":[92],"machine":[94],"learning":[95],"that":[96],"are":[97],"vogue":[99],"these":[100],"days.":[101],"existing":[103],"transliteration":[106,112,134,186],"follow":[107],"grapheme-based":[108,111,133],"approach.":[109],"unable":[114],"handle":[116],"many":[117],"scenarios":[118],"such":[119],"as":[120],"tones,":[121],"inherent":[122,154],"schwa,":[123],"glottal":[124],"stops,":[125],"nasalization,":[126],"gemination.":[128],"In":[129],"this":[130],"article,":[131],"augmented":[137],"with":[138],"phonetic":[139,163],"rectification":[140],"where":[141],"rectified":[146],"phonetically":[147],"before":[148],"applying":[149],"character-to-character":[150],"mapping.":[151],"Handling":[152],"short":[155],"vowel":[156],"schwa":[157],"was":[158],"major":[160],"challenge":[161],"rectification.":[164],"Instead":[165],"following":[167],"fixed":[169],"syllabic":[170],"pattern,":[171],"devised":[173],"generic":[175],"finite":[176],"state":[177],"transducer":[178],"insert":[180],"schwa.":[181],"system":[187],"96.82%.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
