{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979763739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359986.3361208","title":"Modeling observability in adaptive systems to defend against advanced persistent threats","display_name":"Modeling observability in adaptive systems to defend against advanced persistent threats","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979763739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359986.3361208","mag":"2979763739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359986.3361208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359986.3361208","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359986.3361208","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for System Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359986.3361208","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053601049","display_name":"Cody Kinneer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cody Kinneer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050838288","display_name":"R. Harrison Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-2344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061127138","display_name":"Fei Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-8329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032356672","display_name":"Claire Le Goues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3931-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Le Goues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045020317","display_name":"David Garlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6735-8301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Garlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053601049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71521636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.991073727607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7515715956687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6972172260284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5680575966835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5659571290016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5536158084869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.457034707069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4368038773536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-domain","display_name":"Security domain","score":0.4107004404067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3336045742034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16869062185287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15839937329292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.10371387004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10159975290298462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.991073727607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7515715956687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6972172260284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5680575966835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5659571290016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5536158084869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.457034707069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4368038773536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780264999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445032","display_name":"Security domain","level":2,"score":0.4107004404067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3336045742034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16869062185287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15839937329292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.10371387004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10159975290298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359986.3361208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359986.3361208","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359986.3361208","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for System Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359986.3361208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359986.3361208","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359986.3361208","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for System Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979763739.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979763739.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771743772","https://openalex.org/W1900348432","https://openalex.org/W1971309210","https://openalex.org/W1988871317","https://openalex.org/W1990911977","https://openalex.org/W2015787697","https://openalex.org/W2058296799","https://openalex.org/W2103138133","https://openalex.org/W2107979425","https://openalex.org/W2110504778","https://openalex.org/W2118024052","https://openalex.org/W2134364383","https://openalex.org/W2144642244","https://openalex.org/W2199385070","https://openalex.org/W2216069195","https://openalex.org/W2272159603","https://openalex.org/W2527789129","https://openalex.org/W2568394246","https://openalex.org/W2582259743","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2583822374","https://openalex.org/W2616742437","https://openalex.org/W2619779390","https://openalex.org/W2737059867","https://openalex.org/W2773381986","https://openalex.org/W2808940109","https://openalex.org/W2964142598","https://openalex.org/W4300723478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046459260","https://openalex.org/W1971989957","https://openalex.org/W3157641275","https://openalex.org/W2517338020","https://openalex.org/W4312300846","https://openalex.org/W2615757685","https://openalex.org/W3000546688","https://openalex.org/W2153520047","https://openalex.org/W4380352238","https://openalex.org/W2382367871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"persistent":[1],"threats":[2],"(APTs)":[3],"are":[4],"a":[5,67,76,98],"particularly":[6],"troubling":[7],"challenge":[8],"for":[9],"software":[10],"systems.":[11],"The":[12],"adversarial":[13],"nature":[14],"of":[15,29,40,52,69],"the":[16,27,50,62,93],"security":[17],"domain,":[18],"and":[19,45,58,109],"APTs":[20],"in":[21,61],"particular,":[22],"poses":[23],"unresolved":[24],"challenges":[25],"to":[26,35,97],"design":[28,114],"self-*":[30,63],"systems,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,75],"how":[34,85],"defend":[36],"against":[37],"multiple":[38],"types":[39],"attackers":[41],"with":[42],"different":[43],"goals":[44],"capabilities.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48,81],"interaction,":[49],"observability":[51,74,91],"each":[53],"side":[54],"is":[55],"an":[56,86],"important":[57],"under-investigated":[59],"issue":[60],"domain.":[64],"We":[65,79],"propose":[66],"model":[68,82],"APT":[70],"defense":[71],"that":[72,89],"elevates":[73],"first-class":[77],"concern.":[78],"evaluate":[80],"by":[83],"showing":[84],"informed":[87],"approach":[88],"uses":[90],"improves":[92],"defender's":[94],"utility":[95],"compared":[96],"uniform":[99],"random":[100],"strategy,":[101],"can":[102,110],"enable":[103],"robust":[104],"planning":[105],"through":[106],"sensitivity":[107],"analysis,":[108],"inform":[111],"observability-related":[112],"architectural":[113],"decisions.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
