{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972799440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359983","title":"Unrolling Ternary Neural Networks","display_name":"Unrolling Ternary Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972799440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359983","mag":"2972799440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.04509","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009265773","display_name":"Stephen Tridgell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-2417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Tridgell","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of Sydney"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016467458","display_name":"Martin Kumm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-3138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201850948","display_name":"Fulda University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/041bz9r75","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201850948"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Kumm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany","Fulda University of Applied Sciences,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201850948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fulda University of Applied Sciences,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201850948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044651870","display_name":"Martin Hardieck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106157433","display_name":"University of Kassel","ror":"https://ror.org/04zc7p361","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Hardieck","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany","University of Kassel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kassel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040792997","display_name":"David Boland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5370-4464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Boland","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of Sydney"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103274940","display_name":"Duncan J. M. Moss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-6995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan Moss","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of Sydney"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002067478","display_name":"Peter Zipf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4725-4246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106157433","display_name":"University of Kassel","ror":"https://ror.org/04zc7p361","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Zipf","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany","University of Kassel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kassel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107994859","display_name":"Philip H. W. Leong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-3499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip H. W. Leong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of Sydney"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009265773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09390419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8253891468048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.702646017074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6708155274391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6290262937545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5696022510528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/datapath","display_name":"Datapath","score":0.5284343361854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5014955997467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4963551163673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.43211162090301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4158351719379425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3690725564956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.30463773012161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2795479893684387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8253891468048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.702646017074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6708155274391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6290262937545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5696022510528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633673","display_name":"Datapath","level":2,"score":0.5284343361854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5014955997467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4963551163673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.43211162090301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4158351719379425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3690725564956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.30463773012161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2795479893684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.04509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.04509","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.04509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2972799440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.04509v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.04509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.04509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.04509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.04509","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.04509","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4506549081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"57388068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","funder_display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972799440.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972799440.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973656570","https://openalex.org/W1983394510","https://openalex.org/W2133319764","https://openalex.org/W2152883162","https://openalex.org/W2164339744","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2529546376","https://openalex.org/W2560671460","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2583831344","https://openalex.org/W2584616277","https://openalex.org/W2585546120","https://openalex.org/W2591066391","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2610592929","https://openalex.org/W2611445287","https://openalex.org/W2735629204","https://openalex.org/W2741581557","https://openalex.org/W2762597430","https://openalex.org/W2764337919","https://openalex.org/W2765235648","https://openalex.org/W2773756801","https://openalex.org/W2907063134","https://openalex.org/W2912917782","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2950598802","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2962676243","https://openalex.org/W2963145956","https://openalex.org/W2964132039","https://openalex.org/W3100768276","https://openalex.org/W3102169921","https://openalex.org/W3105234421","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W6610712822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981240861","https://openalex.org/W2907163239","https://openalex.org/W2947592526","https://openalex.org/W2800160674","https://openalex.org/W3047947467","https://openalex.org/W2784596704","https://openalex.org/W2733902982","https://openalex.org/W2999533992","https://openalex.org/W2918653705","https://openalex.org/W2293631920","https://openalex.org/W2962697884","https://openalex.org/W2293282867","https://openalex.org/W2903100766","https://openalex.org/W2974484945","https://openalex.org/W2895781939","https://openalex.org/W3164316977","https://openalex.org/W3194984065","https://openalex.org/W2999552082","https://openalex.org/W2433451779","https://openalex.org/W2614143469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,149],"computational":[1],"complexity":[2],"of":[3,34,61,93,106,137,166],"neural":[4,44,62],"networks":[5],"for":[6,39,121],"large-scale":[7],"or":[8],"real-time":[9],"applications":[10],"necessitates":[11],"hardware":[12,152],"acceleration.":[13],"Most":[14],"approaches":[15],"assume":[16],"that":[17,56],"the":[18,40,43,70,104,122,138,171],"network":[19,45,63,96,111],"architecture":[20,46],"and":[21,47,72,78,115,146,158],"parameters":[22],"are":[23,51],"unknown":[24],"at":[25],"design":[26],"time,":[27],"permitting":[28],"usage":[29],"in":[30,140,151],"a":[31,53,90,94,164],"large":[32],"number":[33],"applications.":[35],"This":[36,81,130],"article":[37,131],"demonstrates,":[38],"case":[41],"where":[42],"ternary":[48,113],"weight":[49],"values":[50],"known":[52],"priori":[54],",":[55],"extremely":[57],"high":[58],"throughput":[59],"implementations":[60,88],"inference":[64,174],"can":[65],"be":[66],"made":[67],"by":[68,143],"customising":[69],"datapath":[71],"routing":[73],"to":[74,86,134],"remove":[75,135],"unnecessary":[76],"computations":[77],"data":[79],"movement.":[80],"approach":[82],"is":[83,119,170],"ideally":[84],"suited":[85],"FPGA":[87],"as":[89],"specialized":[91],"implementation":[92,150,175],"trained":[95],"improves":[97],"efficiency":[98],"while":[99],"still":[100],"retaining":[101],"generality":[102],"with":[103,112,163],"reconfigurability":[105],"an":[107,180],"FPGA.":[108,181],"A":[109],"VGG-style":[110],"weights":[114],"fixed":[116],"point":[117],"activations":[118],"implemented":[120],"CIFAR10":[123],"dataset":[124],"on":[125,179],"Amazon\u2019s":[126],"AWS":[127],"F1":[128],"instance.":[129],"demonstrates":[132],"how":[133],"90%":[136],"operations":[139],"convolutional":[141],"layers":[142],"exploiting":[144],"sparsity":[145],"compile-time":[147],"optimizations.":[148],"achieves":[153],"90.9":[154],"\u00b1":[155],"0.1%":[156],"accuracy":[157],"122k":[159],"frames":[160],"per":[161],"second,":[162],"latency":[165],"only":[167],"29\u00b5s,":[168],"which":[169],"fastest":[172],"CNN":[173],"reported":[176],"so":[177],"far":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
