{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2989168403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359246","title":"How Computers See Gender","display_name":"How Computers See Gender","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2989168403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359246","mag":"2989168403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359246","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359246","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359246","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084538652","display_name":"Morgan Klaus Scheuerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-3965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Klaus Scheuerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055961123","display_name":"Jacob M. Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5711-6408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob M. Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084740625","display_name":"Jed R. Brubaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4826-8324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jed R. Brubaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084538652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.3012,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":232,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99621255,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"CSCW","first_page":"1","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12335","display_name":"Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transgender","display_name":"Transgender","score":0.6562235951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-identity","display_name":"Gender identity","score":0.5829694271087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.5670061707496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-diversity","display_name":"Gender diversity","score":0.5133156180381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performativity","display_name":"Performativity","score":0.47665220499038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.45247167348861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"Gender bias","score":0.4402976930141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-analysis","display_name":"Gender analysis","score":0.42315351963043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3576768636703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3529192805290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3325984477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20971757173538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.20553550124168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-studies","display_name":"Gender studies","score":0.16663330793380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management","display_name":"Management","score":0.09406042098999023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779671885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189125","display_name":"Transgender","level":2,"score":0.6562235951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991839931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48264","display_name":"Gender identity","level":2,"score":0.5829694271087646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5670061707496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778397978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501335","display_name":"Gender diversity","level":3,"score":0.5133156180381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776327626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3627138","display_name":"Performativity","level":2,"score":0.47665220499038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45247167348861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.4402976930141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5530954","display_name":"Gender analysis","level":2,"score":0.42315351963043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3576768636703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3529192805290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3325984477996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20971757173538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20553550124168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.16663330793380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.09406042098999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359246","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359246","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359246","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359246","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3359246","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7359716588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1042678","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332538","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2989168403.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2989168403.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130458115","https://openalex.org/W162160164","https://openalex.org/W1524707035","https://openalex.org/W1563329165","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1592192859","https://openalex.org/W1593053339","https://openalex.org/W1645149667","https://openalex.org/W1826109102","https://openalex.org/W1830064104","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1967510425","https://openalex.org/W1967756470","https://openalex.org/W1982811126","https://openalex.org/W2006823743","https://openalex.org/W2013595098","https://openalex.org/W2027642368","https://openalex.org/W2032772443","https://openalex.org/W2038789605","https://openalex.org/W2059239014","https://openalex.org/W2069997830","https://openalex.org/W2080183512","https://openalex.org/W2082778502","https://openalex.org/W2084652052","https://openalex.org/W2087621263","https://openalex.org/W2087812492","https://openalex.org/W2092221852","https://openalex.org/W2115140422","https://openalex.org/W2117009621","https://openalex.org/W2123738419","https://openalex.org/W2139776396","https://openalex.org/W2140420369","https://openalex.org/W2158539604","https://openalex.org/W2166402471","https://openalex.org/W2166881289","https://openalex.org/W2184856514","https://openalex.org/W2215916621","https://openalex.org/W2238502594","https://openalex.org/W2309690679","https://openalex.org/W2315312727","https://openalex.org/W2317293732","https://openalex.org/W2321784061","https://openalex.org/W2321988865","https://openalex.org/W2325216458","https://openalex.org/W2330910300","https://openalex.org/W2336325144","https://openalex.org/W2337553400","https://openalex.org/W2392403817","https://openalex.org/W2396968374","https://openalex.org/W2439689832","https://openalex.org/W2463141264","https://openalex.org/W2478060223","https://openalex.org/W2513928994","https://openalex.org/W2527622704","https://openalex.org/W2530495025","https://openalex.org/W2588526411","https://openalex.org/W2604439268","https://openalex.org/W2611092176","https://openalex.org/W2611552941","https://openalex.org/W2622008127","https://openalex.org/W2731519763","https://openalex.org/W2748543394","https://openalex.org/W2750067310","https://openalex.org/W2768130152","https://openalex.org/W2775336929","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2792092484","https://openalex.org/W2792156255","https://openalex.org/W2793236512","https://openalex.org/W2793785670","https://openalex.org/W2793995607","https://openalex.org/W2795908329","https://openalex.org/W2809386502","https://openalex.org/W2810463027","https://openalex.org/W2885659818","https://openalex.org/W2889030448","https://openalex.org/W2896154921","https://openalex.org/W2898852014","https://openalex.org/W2899136066","https://openalex.org/W2902100892","https://openalex.org/W2902633481","https://openalex.org/W2902883919","https://openalex.org/W2903114342","https://openalex.org/W2911122801","https://openalex.org/W2912673594","https://openalex.org/W2962059918","https://openalex.org/W2963278718","https://openalex.org/W2977862349","https://openalex.org/W2989969751","https://openalex.org/W3122810052","https://openalex.org/W3123249780","https://openalex.org/W3125702700","https://openalex.org/W3134178984","https://openalex.org/W3142264321","https://openalex.org/W3203056759","https://openalex.org/W4238768900","https://openalex.org/W4239531854","https://openalex.org/W4243722335","https://openalex.org/W4256722384","https://openalex.org/W4300544967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022588269","https://openalex.org/W4280521274","https://openalex.org/W3157922828","https://openalex.org/W2898350640","https://openalex.org/W2992584530","https://openalex.org/W2930858721","https://openalex.org/W2997968293","https://openalex.org/W4252988942","https://openalex.org/W3168550739","https://openalex.org/W3177318739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Investigations":[0],"of":[1,31,42,62,110,122,129,207,233,250,260],"facial":[2,7,10,92],"analysis":[3,61,93,109,137],"(FA)":[4],"technologies-such":[5],"as":[6,276,278],"detection":[8],"and":[9,44,66,88,94,114,118,146,160,186,213,216,236,247,252,274],"recognition-have":[11],"been":[12],"central":[13],"to":[14,81,164,254],"discussions":[15],"about":[16,183],"Artificial":[17],"Intelligence's":[18],"(AI)":[19],"impact":[20],"on":[21,25,157],"human":[22],"beings.":[23],"Research":[24],"automatic":[26],"gender":[27,32,45,64,67,77,84,140,184,191,208,211,261],"recognition,":[28],"the":[29,189,196,224,227,237,257],"classification":[30,65,225,272],"by":[33,57,265],"FA":[34,113,152],"technologies,":[35],"has":[36],"raised":[37],"potential":[38],"concerns":[39],"around":[40],"issues":[41],"racial":[43],"bias.":[46],"In":[47,168],"this":[48],"study,":[49],"we":[50],"augment":[51],"past":[52],"work":[53],"with":[54,76,241,279],"empirical":[55],"data":[56,147],"conducting":[58],"a":[59,103,107,126],"systematic":[60],"how":[63,83,139,217],"labeling":[68,96,116,171],"in":[69],"computer":[70,197],"vision":[71,198],"services":[72,117,124,153],"operate":[73],"when":[74],"faced":[75],"diversity.":[78],"We":[79,100,149,177,200,244,263],"sought":[80],"understand":[82],"is":[85,141,193],"concretely":[86],"conceptualized":[87],"encoded":[89,194],"into":[90,143,195],"commercial":[91,112],"image":[95,115,170],"technologies":[97],"available":[98],"today.":[99],"then":[101],"conducted":[102],"two-phase":[104],"study:":[105],"(1)":[106],"system":[108],"ten":[111],"(2)":[119],"an":[120],"evaluation":[121],"five":[123],"using":[125,132],"custom":[127],"dataset":[128],"diverse":[130],"genders":[131],"self-labeled":[133],"Instagram":[134],"images.":[135],"Our":[136],"highlights":[138],"codified":[142],"both":[144],"classifiers":[145],"standards.":[148],"found":[150,179],"that":[151,180,230,234,242],"performed":[154],"consistently":[155],"worse":[156],"transgender":[158],"individuals":[159,238],"were":[161],"universally":[162],"unable":[163],"classify":[165],"non-binary":[166],"genders.":[167],"contrast,":[169],"often":[172],"presented":[173],"multiple":[174],"gendered":[175],"concepts.":[176],"also":[178],"user":[181],"perceptions":[182],"performance":[185,192],"identity":[187,209],"contradict":[188],"way":[190],"infrastructure.":[199],"discuss":[201,256],"our":[202],"findings":[203],"from":[204],"three":[205,222],"perspectives":[206,219],"(self-identity,":[210],"performativity,":[212],"demographic":[214],"identity)":[215],"these":[218],"interact":[220,240],"across":[221],"layers:":[223],"infrastructure,":[226,235],"third-party":[228],"applications":[229],"make":[231],"use":[232],"who":[239],"software.":[243],"employ":[245],"Bowker":[246],"Star's":[248],"concepts":[249],"\"torque\"":[251],"\"residuality\"":[253],"further":[255],"social":[258],"implications":[259,280],"classification.":[262],"conclude":[264],"outlining":[266],"opportunities":[267],"for":[268,281],"creating":[269],"more":[270],"inclusive":[271],"infrastructures":[273],"datasets,":[275],"well":[277],"policy.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-26T08:31:28.666265","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}