{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979019531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359115.3359122","title":"A survey of character characteristics","display_name":"A survey of character characteristics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979019531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359115.3359122","mag":"2979019531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359115.3359122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359115.3359122","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Data Discovery and Reuse","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058750035","display_name":"Daniel Clothiaux","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Clothiaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001807021","display_name":"Ravi Starzl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Starzl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1113702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8379731178283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.8358365893363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/font","display_name":"Font","score":0.7810953855514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.6921506524085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6318951845169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.5951851606369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5561601519584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5460541248321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.535347044467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.5332806706428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-encoding","display_name":"Character encoding","score":0.49627524614334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.48506298661231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.46315354108810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43576693534851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typeface","display_name":"Typeface","score":0.42665377259254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.3611130118370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.29375535249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09833621978759766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8379731178283691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.8358365893363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4868296","display_name":"Font","level":2,"score":0.7810953855514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.6921506524085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6318951845169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5951851606369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5561601519584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5460541248321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.535347044467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.5332806706428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32717103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184759","display_name":"Character encoding","level":3,"score":0.49627524614334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.48506298661231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.46315354108810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43576693534851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80797182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17451","display_name":"Typeface","level":2,"score":0.42665377259254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.3611130118370056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.29375535249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09833621978759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3359115.3359122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3359115.3359122","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Data Discovery and Reuse","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W609864971","https://openalex.org/W1491389626","https://openalex.org/W1590279069","https://openalex.org/W2504601285","https://openalex.org/W2579156595","https://openalex.org/W2797142050","https://openalex.org/W2945897237","https://openalex.org/W2963154796","https://openalex.org/W2963577679","https://openalex.org/W4299411671","https://openalex.org/W6732257374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386428871","https://openalex.org/W4220954837","https://openalex.org/W2384047089","https://openalex.org/W2099822426","https://openalex.org/W2083373748","https://openalex.org/W2593270350","https://openalex.org/W2091201601","https://openalex.org/W4391266480","https://openalex.org/W2108604059","https://openalex.org/W2575111199"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"work":[1,288],"of":[2,6,69,113,138,158,260,281,287],"optical":[3],"character":[4,230],"recognition":[5],"typed":[7,70],"forms":[8,71],"or":[9],"scene":[10],"text":[11],"will":[12,72],"often":[13,53],"get":[14],"strong":[15],"results":[16],"by":[17,23,108],"training":[18],"over":[19,57],"synthetic":[20,103],"data,":[21],"created":[22,122],"rendering":[24],"words":[25],"from":[26,40,169],"fonts":[27,115,121,131,242,268],"[3]":[28],"[4]":[29],"[7].":[30],"Similar":[31],"methods":[32,49,224],"have":[33],"been":[34],"used":[35],"to":[36,123,132,179,247],"create":[37,133],"handwriting":[38,249],"data":[39,168],"fonts,":[41,207,210,261],"especially":[42,274],"in":[43,50,244,266,279,290],"Chinese":[44],"and":[45,116,148,160,165,187,208,262,269,273,280,283],"Japanese,":[46],"but":[47],"such":[48,228],"English":[51],"are":[52,196,219,243,276],"done":[54,289],"ad":[55],"hoc":[56],"small":[58],"hand":[59],"selected":[60],"font":[61,88,253],"sets":[62],"that":[63,119,239],"look":[64,124],"like":[65,125],"handwriting,":[66],"while":[67],"OCR":[68],"use":[73,129,178],"much":[74],"larger":[75],"datasets":[76,89],"[13]":[77],"[5]":[78],"[11]":[79],"[9].":[80],"Here,":[81],"we":[82,177,201],"looked":[83],"at":[84],"comparing":[85,226],"large":[86,101,111,135,156],"scale":[87,102],"with":[90,186],"handwritten":[91,167,205,209,241],"datasets,":[92],"as":[93,143,145,183,229],"a":[94,134,155,189,264,285],"first":[95,109],"step":[96],"towards":[97],"integrating":[98],"them":[99,164],"into":[100],"data.":[104],"We":[105,127,152,237],"did":[106],"this":[107],"collating":[110],"numbers":[112,141],"both":[114,146],"\"handwritten":[117],"fonts\",":[118],"is,":[120],"handwriting.":[126,270],"then":[128,153],"these":[130],"database":[136],"consisting":[137],"all":[139],"the":[140,170,251],"0-9":[142],"well":[144],"uppercase":[147],"lowercase":[149],"letters":[150],"a-z.":[151],"ran":[154],"series":[157],"qualitative":[159,194],"quantitative":[161,223,291],"comparisons":[162,195,215],"between":[163,267],"human":[166],"full":[171,252],"NIST":[172],"SD":[173],"19":[174],"dataset,":[175],"which":[176,211],"categorize":[180],"characters":[181],"(such":[182],"seven":[184],"written":[185],"without":[188],"line":[190],"through":[191],"it).":[192],"Our":[193,222],"visually":[197],"oriented.":[198],"For":[199],"example,":[200],"calculated":[202],"heatmaps":[203],"for":[204,213],"characters,":[206],"allows":[212],"visual":[214],"where":[216],"some":[217],"differences":[218],"immediately":[220],"visible.":[221],"encompass":[225],"statistics":[227,272],"orientations,":[231],"complexity,":[232],"eccentricity,":[233],"density,":[234],"among":[235],"others.":[236],"find":[238],"although":[240],"general":[245],"closer":[246],"actual":[248],"than":[250],"set,":[254],"it":[255],"still":[256],"has":[257],"distinct":[258],"characteristics":[259],"occupies":[263],"space":[265],"The":[271],"visualizations":[275],"also":[277],"interesting":[278],"themselves,":[282],"present":[284],"continuation":[286],"writing":[292],"systems.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}