{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979730268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3358189","title":"TF-Net","display_name":"TF-Net","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979730268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3358189","mag":"2979730268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3358189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3358189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008163714","display_name":"Jiecao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2085-0312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiecao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070401389","display_name":"Andrew Lukefahr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1167-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Lukefahr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027544576","display_name":"Reetuparna Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-8342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reetuparna Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002075773","display_name":"Scott Mahlke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-0616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Mahlke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008163714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1923,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79830794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5s","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8891388773918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.7702928781509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6687241792678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5663762092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5630351901054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.524864673614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.48288536071777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32224977016448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28405576944351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12429797649383545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8891388773918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.7702928781509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6687241792678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5663762092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5630351901054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.524864673614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.48288536071777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32224977016448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28405576944351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12429797649383545}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3358189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3358189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587794757","https://openalex.org/W1667652561","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2466675884","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2541839172","https://openalex.org/W2560017826","https://openalex.org/W2586654419","https://openalex.org/W2769912137","https://openalex.org/W2794991455","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2801000640","https://openalex.org/W2883920103","https://openalex.org/W2883929540","https://openalex.org/W2884150179","https://openalex.org/W2884687835","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2906239812","https://openalex.org/W2932154853","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W3118608800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386082753","https://openalex.org/W2130675906","https://openalex.org/W3005233959","https://openalex.org/W2134260695","https://openalex.org/W2089988144","https://openalex.org/W1985703800","https://openalex.org/W1972388196","https://openalex.org/W2347749188","https://openalex.org/W2735419558","https://openalex.org/W4302313182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(DNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"an":[6],"essential":[7],"component":[8],"of":[9,126],"various":[10],"applications.":[11],"While":[12,120],"today\u2019s":[13],"DNNs":[14,117],"are":[15,163],"mainly":[16],"restricted":[17],"to":[18,31,44,52,70,91,113,166,193,211],"cloud":[19],"services,":[20],"network":[21],"connectivity,":[22],"energy,":[23],"and":[24,64,88,102,128,135,147,209,229,234],"data":[25],"privacy":[26],"problems":[27],"make":[28],"it":[29,49],"important":[30],"support":[32],"efficient":[33],"DNN":[34,55,72,159,202],"computation":[35,47,80,101,145,227],"on":[36,57,75,118,236],"low-cost,":[37],"low-power":[38],"processors":[39],"like":[40],"microcontrollers.":[41,58,119],"However,":[42],"due":[43],"the":[45,78,110,139,168,213,219,226],"constrained":[46],"resources,":[48],"is":[50,66,81],"challenging":[51],"execute":[53],"large":[54],"models":[56],"Using":[59],"sub-byte":[60,79,86,116,157,186,196],"low-precision":[61,158],"input":[62,129],"activations":[63],"weights":[65,89,134],"a":[67,124,153,189],"typical":[68],"method":[69],"reduce":[71],"computation.":[73],"But":[74],"byte-addressable":[76],"microcontrollers,":[77],"not":[82],"well":[83],"supported.":[84],"The":[85,171,183],"inputs":[87,137],"need":[90],"be":[92],"unpacked":[93,181],"from":[94],"bitstreams":[95],"before":[96],"computation,":[97,203],"which":[98],"incurs":[99],"significant":[100],"energy":[103,148,230],"overhead.":[104],"In":[105],"this":[106],"paper,":[107],"we":[108,131,204],"propose":[109,205],"TF-Net":[111,121,150,222],"pipeline":[112],"efficiently":[114],"deploy":[115],"allows":[122],"for":[123,156],"range":[125],"weight":[127],"precision,":[130],"find":[132],"Ternary":[133],"Four-bit":[136],"provide":[138],"optimal":[140],"balance":[141],"between":[142],"model":[143],"accuracy,":[144],"performance,":[146],"efficiency.":[149],"first":[151],"includes":[152],"training":[154],"framework":[155],"models.":[160,170],"Two":[161],"algorithms":[162],"then":[164],"introduced":[165],"accelerate":[167,201],"trained":[169],"first,":[172],"direct":[173],"buffer":[174],"convolution,":[175],"amortizes":[176],"unpacking":[177],"overhead":[178],"by":[179,232],"caching":[180],"inputs.":[182],"second,":[184],"packed":[185],"multiply-accumulate,":[187],"utilizes":[188],"single":[190],"multiplication":[191],"instruction":[192,216],"perform":[194],"multiple":[195],"multiply-accumulate":[197],"computations.":[198],"To":[199],"further":[200],"two":[206],"instructions,":[207],"Multiply-Shift-Accumulate":[208],"Unpack,":[210],"extend":[212],"existing":[214],"microcontroller":[215],"set.":[217],"On":[218],"tested":[220],"networks,":[221],"can":[223],"help":[224],"improve":[225],"performance":[228],"efficiency":[231],"1.83\u00d7":[233],"2.28\u00d7":[235],"average,":[237],"respectively.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}
