{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981223859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355369.3355580","title":"An End-to-End, Large-Scale Measurement of DNS-over-Encryption","display_name":"An End-to-End, Large-Scale Measurement of DNS-over-Encryption","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981223859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355369.3355580","mag":"2981223859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3355369.3355580","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355369.3355580","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040912987","display_name":"Chaoyi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3512-7612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoyi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101694986","display_name":"Baojun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-8063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baojun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452308","display_name":"Zhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9401-1012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027549447","display_name":"Shuang Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2756-6015"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067799841","display_name":"Haixin Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixin Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University; Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University and Qi An Xin Technology Research Institute","Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University; Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University and Qi An Xin Technology Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381704","display_name":"Mingming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-5755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063004102","display_name":"Chunying Leng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunying Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414146","display_name":"Ying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1230-6395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015684223","display_name":"Zaifeng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaifeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["360 Netlab"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"360 Netlab","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001949272","display_name":"Jianping Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-8031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97359776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"22","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8487570285797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7756645679473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6772392988204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6707431077957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6584320664405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name-system","display_name":"Domain Name System","score":0.6300894021987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6183062791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4959052503108978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-layer-security","display_name":"Transport Layer Security","score":0.4250865578651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4233721196651459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.42083388566970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-security","display_name":"Internet security","score":0.4115429222583771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3348349332809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.24473193287849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2407730221748352}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8487570285797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7756645679473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6772392988204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6707431077957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6584320664405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35026560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8767","display_name":"Domain Name System","level":3,"score":0.6300894021987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6183062791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4959052503108978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148176105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206494","display_name":"Transport Layer Security","level":3,"score":0.4250865578651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4233721196651459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.42083388566970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22111027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070427","display_name":"Internet security","level":4,"score":0.4115429222583771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3348349332809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.24473193287849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2407730221748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3355369.3355580","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3355369.3355580","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581184532","https://openalex.org/W1924829439","https://openalex.org/W2028060714","https://openalex.org/W2108362714","https://openalex.org/W2114398364","https://openalex.org/W2121063848","https://openalex.org/W2156989312","https://openalex.org/W2271099719","https://openalex.org/W2296738880","https://openalex.org/W2309570670","https://openalex.org/W2315772904","https://openalex.org/W2318154364","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2356385263","https://openalex.org/W2395419634","https://openalex.org/W2401862431","https://openalex.org/W2532732179","https://openalex.org/W2594018376","https://openalex.org/W2605050598","https://openalex.org/W2610339217","https://openalex.org/W2612544399","https://openalex.org/W2734440254","https://openalex.org/W2752610700","https://openalex.org/W2753333424","https://openalex.org/W2791085810","https://openalex.org/W2806616617","https://openalex.org/W2883814088","https://openalex.org/W2888998951","https://openalex.org/W2930110112","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054545906","https://openalex.org/W2065991182","https://openalex.org/W2948569047","https://openalex.org/W596534943","https://openalex.org/W3214913819","https://openalex.org/W2784818382","https://openalex.org/W2744307954","https://openalex.org/W2611508755","https://openalex.org/W2954793456","https://openalex.org/W1500040600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DNS":[0,47,50],"packets":[1],"are":[2,23,67],"designed":[3],"to":[4,29,45,78],"travel":[5],"in":[6],"unencrypted":[7],"form":[8],"through":[9],"the":[10,72,83],"Internet":[11,31],"based":[12],"on":[13],"its":[14],"initial":[15],"standard.":[16],"Recent":[17],"discoveries":[18],"show":[19],"that":[20],"real-world":[21],"adversaries":[22],"actively":[24],"exploiting":[25],"this":[26],"design":[27],"vulnerability":[28],"compromise":[30],"users'":[32],"security":[33],"and":[34,52,66],"privacy.":[35],"To":[36],"mitigate":[37],"such":[38],"threats,":[39],"several":[40],"protocols":[41],"have":[42,63],"been":[43,64,76],"proposed":[44],"encrypt":[46],"queries":[48],"between":[49],"clients":[51],"servers,":[53],"which":[54],"we":[55],"jointly":[56],"term":[57],"as":[58],"DNS-over-Encryption.":[59],"While":[60],"some":[61],"proposals":[62],"standardized":[65],"gaining":[68],"strong":[69],"support":[70],"from":[71,82],"industry,":[73],"little":[74],"has":[75],"done":[77],"understand":[79],"their":[80],"status":[81],"view":[84],"of":[85],"global":[86],"users.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}