{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972448874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351230","title":"To Mask or Not to Mask?","display_name":"To Mask or Not to Mask?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972448874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351230","mag":"2972448874","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3351230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7173332","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000872403","display_name":"Rawan Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0789-7805"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawan Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088904113","display_name":"Mariam Tolba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-0937"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Tolba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080263925","display_name":"Lucia C. Petito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0156-1219"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucia C. Petito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026852792","display_name":"Josiah Hester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-085X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josiah Hester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049258058","display_name":"Nabil Alshurafa","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabil Alshurafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92007026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8681113719940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bystander-effect","display_name":"Bystander effect","score":0.7127690315246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7126674652099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5591356158256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.49613627791404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.4846504330635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4637867212295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4395603537559509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3323853015899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.33037418127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18454864621162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.0918763279914856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8681113719940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19106626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230749","display_name":"Bystander effect","level":2,"score":0.7127690315246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7126674652099609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5591356158256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.49613627791404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.4846504330635071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4637867212295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4395603537559509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3323853015899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33037418127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18454864621162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0918763279914856}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3351230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32318651","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on interactive, mobile, wearable and ubiquitous technologies","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7173332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7173332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7173332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7173332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G349920438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K25DK113242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1936738684","https://openalex.org/W1964186434","https://openalex.org/W1967282980","https://openalex.org/W1985970254","https://openalex.org/W1994544878","https://openalex.org/W1995330098","https://openalex.org/W1996752302","https://openalex.org/W2006131151","https://openalex.org/W2037698344","https://openalex.org/W2039625867","https://openalex.org/W2055860749","https://openalex.org/W2057047227","https://openalex.org/W2061554433","https://openalex.org/W2072410439","https://openalex.org/W2085014080","https://openalex.org/W2086898699","https://openalex.org/W2088366166","https://openalex.org/W2088664555","https://openalex.org/W2098950531","https://openalex.org/W2100820878","https://openalex.org/W2103319536","https://openalex.org/W2108627835","https://openalex.org/W2116206474","https://openalex.org/W2126511896","https://openalex.org/W2127681657","https://openalex.org/W2128354257","https://openalex.org/W2133238767","https://openalex.org/W2135445066","https://openalex.org/W2139705460","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2152244690","https://openalex.org/W2153654241","https://openalex.org/W2179203233","https://openalex.org/W2181523240","https://openalex.org/W2186193977","https://openalex.org/W2204609240","https://openalex.org/W2230466109","https://openalex.org/W2288913291","https://openalex.org/W2396049964","https://openalex.org/W2399063318","https://openalex.org/W2399811568","https://openalex.org/W2432964524","https://openalex.org/W2461714859","https://openalex.org/W2467391961","https://openalex.org/W2480709345","https://openalex.org/W2588033008","https://openalex.org/W2593811690","https://openalex.org/W2610765860","https://openalex.org/W2614352131","https://openalex.org/W2619826736","https://openalex.org/W2726276264","https://openalex.org/W2740871942","https://openalex.org/W2741333573","https://openalex.org/W2751129345","https://openalex.org/W2751978166","https://openalex.org/W2754998475","https://openalex.org/W2769823506","https://openalex.org/W2773907782","https://openalex.org/W2774833025","https://openalex.org/W2782798323","https://openalex.org/W2782853073","https://openalex.org/W2794303701","https://openalex.org/W2795931522","https://openalex.org/W2796227045","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2890856336","https://openalex.org/W2891344401","https://openalex.org/W2891707973","https://openalex.org/W2895299763","https://openalex.org/W2903037999","https://openalex.org/W2905880535","https://openalex.org/W2962697280","https://openalex.org/W2964222622","https://openalex.org/W2988685503","https://openalex.org/W3102028994","https://openalex.org/W3103998211","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053004761","https://openalex.org/W2060232277","https://openalex.org/W2372296322","https://openalex.org/W2370719635","https://openalex.org/W2359636035","https://openalex.org/W2620667791","https://openalex.org/W2083162155","https://openalex.org/W1971732845","https://openalex.org/W2015652414","https://openalex.org/W1979091441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Activity-oriented":[0],"cameras":[1],"are":[2,235],"increasingly":[3],"being":[4],"used":[5,260],"to":[6,29,43,72,87,109,134,189],"provide":[7],"visual":[8,56,139,202,214],"confirmation":[9,57,83,140,203,215],"of":[10,59,68,76,125,141,151,176,193,196,216,256],"specific":[11],"hand-related":[12,91,142,167,219],"activities":[13,92,143,168,172],"in":[14,79,98,103,137,144,227,261],"real-world":[15],"settings.":[16],"However,":[17],"recent":[18],"studies":[19],"have":[20,34,51],"shown":[21],"that":[22,114,162,173,208],"bystander":[23,45,199,241,245,266],"privacy":[24,200,267],"concerns":[25,242],"limit":[26],"participant":[27],"willingness":[28],"wear":[30],"a":[31,69,101,122,131],"camera.":[32],"Researchers":[33],"investigated":[35],"different":[36],"image":[37],"obfuscation":[38,197,211,264],"methods":[39,49],"as":[40,65,130],"an":[41,183,223],"approach":[42,153],"enhance":[44],"privacy;":[46],"however,":[47],"these":[48],"may":[50],"varying":[52,194],"effects":[53,150],"on":[54,198,265],"the":[55,60,66,74,77,80,104,145,149,164,191,217,228,254,257],"utility":[58,84],"image,":[61],"which":[62],"we":[63,181,251],"define":[64],"ability":[67],"human":[70,102],"viewer":[71],"interpret":[73],"activity":[75],"wearer":[78,165],"image.":[81],"Visual":[82],"is":[85,107,225],"needed":[86,108],"annotate":[88],"and":[89,158,201,230,243,268],"validate":[90],"for":[93],"several":[94],"behavioral-based":[95],"applications,":[96],"particularly":[97],"cases":[99],"where":[100],"loop":[105],"method":[106,259],"label":[110],"(e.g.,":[111],"annotating":[112],"gestures":[113],"cannot":[115],"be":[116,175],"automatically":[117],"detected":[118],"yet).":[119],"We":[120,147],"propose":[121],"new":[123],"type":[124],"obfuscation,":[126,129],"activity-oriented":[127,209,262],"partial":[128,210,263],"methodological":[132],"contribution":[133],"researchers":[135],"interested":[136],"obtaining":[138],"wild.":[146],"tested":[148],"this":[152],"by":[154,248],"collecting":[155],"ten":[156],"diverse":[157],"realistic":[159],"video":[160],"scenarios":[161],"involved":[163],"performing":[166],"while":[169,237],"bystanders":[170],"performed":[171],"could":[174],"concern":[177],"if":[178],"recorded.":[179],"Then":[180],"conducted":[182],"online":[184],"experiment":[185],"with":[186],"367":[187],"participants":[188],"evaluate":[190],"effect":[192],"degrees":[195],"utility.":[204],"Our":[205],"results":[206],"show":[207],"(1)":[212],"maintains":[213],"wearer's":[218],"activity,":[220],"especially":[221],"when":[222,232],"object":[224],"present":[226],"hand,":[229],"even":[231],"extreme":[233],"filters":[234],"applied,":[236],"(2)":[238],"significantly":[239],"reducing":[240],"enhancing":[244],"privacy.":[246],"Informed":[247],"our":[249],"analysis,":[250],"further":[252],"discuss":[253],"impact":[255],"filter":[258],"concerns.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2019-09-19T00:00:00"}