{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000982969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3375695","title":"Hardwiring discriminatory police practices","display_name":"Hardwiring discriminatory police practices","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000982969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3375695","mag":"3000982969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3351095.3375695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3375695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005864071","display_name":"Patrick Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2537-2735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester Metropolitan University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062149470","display_name":"Eric Kind","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Kind","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005864071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.672,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87205014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"691","last_page":"691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.6797999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.6797999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5429775714874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.463126003742218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41689053177833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21565884351730347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5429775714874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.463126003742218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41689053177833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21565884351730347}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3351095.3375695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3375695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"data-based":[1],"policing.":[2]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}