{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2975438782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3349266.3351407","title":"Human Risk Factors in Cybersecurity","display_name":"Human Risk Factors in Cybersecurity","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2975438782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3349266.3351407","mag":"2975438782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3349266.3351407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3349266.3351407","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000805450","display_name":"Tom Cuchta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-4396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Cuchta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052276284","display_name":"Brian Blackwood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Blackwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111029880","display_name":"Thomas Ryan Devine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas R. Devine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080920155","display_name":"Robert J. Niichel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-7643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Niichel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052266542","display_name":"Kristina M. Daniels","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristina M. Daniels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084130515","display_name":"Caleb H. Lutjens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caleb H. Lutjens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089853365","display_name":"Sydney Maibach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sydney Maibach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002817930","display_name":"Ryan J. Stephenson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142920149","display_name":"Fairmont State University","ror":"https://ror.org/047wwd089","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan J. Stephenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000805450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142920149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.409,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95079814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"87","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.9725950956344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.8974094390869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6659426093101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.6310782432556152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5884420871734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damages","display_name":"Damages","score":0.5689682960510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5560375452041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4742946922779083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.44276875257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.27699488401412964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9725950956344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.8974094390869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6659426093101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.6310782432556152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5884420871734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.5689682960510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5560375452041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4742946922779083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.44276875257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.27699488401412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3349266.3351407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3349266.3351407","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028223155","https://openalex.org/W2029827226","https://openalex.org/W2047074192","https://openalex.org/W2131906261","https://openalex.org/W2136136174","https://openalex.org/W2162532690","https://openalex.org/W2492333626","https://openalex.org/W2736747074","https://openalex.org/W2746150777","https://openalex.org/W2883464778","https://openalex.org/W2915446580","https://openalex.org/W2936594022","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W4205240985","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W3042334625","https://openalex.org/W3139248031","https://openalex.org/W4200017362","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2305322260","https://openalex.org/W2118123121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phishing":[0],"emails":[1,52,110,150],"present":[2],"a":[3,29,56,67],"serious":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,23,55,62,107,143,152],"any":[7],"institution,":[8],"costing":[9],"individuals":[10],"and":[11,44,72,92,118],"companies":[12],"millions":[13],"of":[14,28,81,88,103,122,129],"dollars":[15],"every":[16],"year":[17],"in":[18,37,163],"damages.":[19],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"attempts":[22],"assess":[24],"the":[25,89,101,108,125,131,138,164],"human":[26],"risks":[27],"mid-sized":[30],"state":[31],"university":[32,69],"by":[33],"conducting":[34],"an":[35],"experiment":[36],"which":[38],"users":[39,61,82,104,145,160],"were":[40,161],"phished":[41],"multiple":[42],"times":[43],"presented":[45],"with":[46,156],"different":[47],"training":[48,141],"types.":[49],"The":[50],"phishing":[51,90,109,149],"contained":[53],"links":[54],"controlled":[57],"server":[58],"that":[59,79,100,137],"prompted":[60],"enter":[63],"login":[64,70],"credentials":[65],"into":[66],"spoofed":[68],"page":[71],"gathered":[73],"relevant":[74],"data.":[75],"Our":[76],"analysis":[77],"shows":[78],"44.3%":[80],"clicked":[83],"on":[84],"at":[85],"least":[86],"one":[87],"emails,":[91],"18.6%":[93],"entered":[94],"valid":[95],"credentials.":[96],"Additionally,":[97],"we":[98,119],"found":[99],"majority":[102],"(64.5%)":[105],"responded":[106],"via":[111],"mobile":[112],"devices":[113],"running":[114],"iOS":[115],"or":[116],"Android":[117],"received":[120],"98%":[121],"responses":[123],"within":[124],"first":[126],"twelve":[127],"hours":[128],"sending":[130],"emails.":[132],"Finally,":[133],"our":[134],"data":[135],"suggests":[136],"most":[139],"effective":[140],"method":[142],"prevent":[144],"from":[146],"clicking":[147],"subsequent":[148],"was":[151],"provide":[153],"easy-to-read":[154],"documents":[155],"visual":[157],"cues":[158],"when":[159],"\"caught\"":[162],"act.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}