{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044624184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3347145","title":"Contextual word representations","display_name":"Contextual word representations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044624184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3347145","mag":"3044624184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3347145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3347145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088517824","display_name":"Noah A. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-6380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156221","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noah A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington and Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington and Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088517824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210156221"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9482697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"6","first_page":"66","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7331506013870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6483982801437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5825905203819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.509152352809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41290393471717834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7331506013870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6483982801437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5825905203819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.509152352809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41290393471717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3347145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3347145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6229533989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1562364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309856","funder_display_name":"National Youth Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309856","display_name":"National Youth Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/054yz2f06"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136846643","https://openalex.org/W342285082","https://openalex.org/W371426616","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1662133657","https://openalex.org/W1899794420","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2142493409","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2606089314","https://openalex.org/W2798812533","https://openalex.org/W2885508771","https://openalex.org/W2886424491","https://openalex.org/W2888329843","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2910243263","https://openalex.org/W2914120296","https://openalex.org/W2915722758","https://openalex.org/W2917125656","https://openalex.org/W2922565841","https://openalex.org/W2948096105","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2950342398","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963159690","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2964303116","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2979401726","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2985695201","https://openalex.org/W2997617958","https://openalex.org/W3106569781","https://openalex.org/W4210984920","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4288631803","https://openalex.org/W4381683870","https://openalex.org/W6630217047","https://openalex.org/W6674691379","https://openalex.org/W6678277124","https://openalex.org/W6685158001","https://openalex.org/W6713098461","https://openalex.org/W6748634344","https://openalex.org/W6759455113","https://openalex.org/W6769430610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360025963","https://openalex.org/W2360785147","https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W2353329674","https://openalex.org/W1551406738","https://openalex.org/W2610387714","https://openalex.org/W2368517087","https://openalex.org/W2369308426","https://openalex.org/W2361443205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1,12],"how":[2],"programs":[3],"treat":[4],"natural":[5],"language":[6],"words":[7],"have":[8],"a":[9],"big":[10],"impact":[11],"AI.":[13]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}