{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998243336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342353","title":"Explicitly Modeling Word Translations in Neural Machine Translation","display_name":"Explicitly Modeling Word Translations in Neural Machine Translation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998243336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342353","mag":"2998243336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3342353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086165395","display_name":"Dong Seog Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369260","display_name":"Junhui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-6348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101701181","display_name":"Yachao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-9922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yachao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402911","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3895-5510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012794465","display_name":"Guodong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-5099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science 8 Technology, Soochow University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81756576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8339450359344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7489712238311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7450844049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.7437269687652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6810824871063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6641885638237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6007875204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5674191117286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48891034722328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.46886709332466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.18032461404800415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8339450359344482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7489712238311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7450844049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.7437269687652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6810824871063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6641885638237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6007875204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5674191117286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48891034722328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.46886709332466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18032461404800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3342353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1495881128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61525205, 61751206, 61876120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2156985047","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2252272516","https://openalex.org/W2550455130","https://openalex.org/W2594047108","https://openalex.org/W2604799257","https://openalex.org/W2739894144","https://openalex.org/W2757205734","https://openalex.org/W2758137671","https://openalex.org/W2759932073","https://openalex.org/W2785381227","https://openalex.org/W2962697716","https://openalex.org/W2962700074","https://openalex.org/W2962708992","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2962886257","https://openalex.org/W2962945603","https://openalex.org/W2963311117","https://openalex.org/W2963347649","https://openalex.org/W2963598809","https://openalex.org/W2963648186","https://openalex.org/W2963661253","https://openalex.org/W2963876447","https://openalex.org/W2963888305","https://openalex.org/W2963913268","https://openalex.org/W4298243991","https://openalex.org/W6689098867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176018525","https://openalex.org/W2903533908","https://openalex.org/W2903810591","https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2963499882","https://openalex.org/W3026554633","https://openalex.org/W2888520903","https://openalex.org/W2890256614","https://openalex.org/W2728761353","https://openalex.org/W3098873988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,20,88,209],"show":[4],"that":[5,119],"word":[6,28,38,60,72,93,99,108,112,181,185,200,214],"translations":[7,29,61,83,201,205,215],"can":[8],"be":[9],"explicitly":[10,26,198],"incorporated":[11],"into":[12,30],"NMT":[13,134,138,218],"effectively":[14,105],"to":[15,25,54,104,125,141,202],"avoid":[16,203],"wrong":[17,204],"translations.":[18],"Specifically,":[19,145],"propose":[21],"three":[22],"cross-lingual":[23,195],"encoders":[24,122,196],"incorporate":[27],"NMT:":[31],"(1)":[32],"Factored":[33],"encoder,":[34,48,67],"which":[35,49,68],"encodes":[36],"a":[37,43,51,71,91,98],"and":[39,64,73,81,96,135],"its":[40,74],"translation":[41,75,117,128],"in":[42,155,166,179,197,206,211],"vertical":[44],"way;":[45],"(2)":[46],"Gated":[47,162],"uses":[50],"gated":[52],"mechanism":[53],"selectively":[55],"control":[56],"the":[57,107,127,149,158,173,190],"amount":[58],"of":[59,153,175,192],"moving":[62],"forward;":[63],"(3)":[65],"Mixed":[66,146],"stitchingly":[69],"learns":[70],"annotations":[76],"over":[77],"sequences":[78],"where":[79],"words":[80],"their":[82],"are":[84,123],"alternatively":[85],"mixed.":[86],"Besides,":[87],"first":[89],"use":[90],"simple":[92],"dictionary":[94],"approach":[95,103,178],"then":[97],"sense":[100],"disambiguation":[101],"(WSD)":[102],"model":[106],"context":[109,182],"for":[110,130,183],"better":[111,184],"translation.":[113,186],"Experimentation":[114],"on":[115,157,168],"Chinese-to-English":[116],"demonstrates":[118],"all":[120],"proposed":[121,194],"able":[124],"improve":[126],"accuracy":[129],"both":[131],"traditional":[132],"RNN-based":[133,159],"recent":[136],"self-attention-based":[137],"(hereafter":[139],"referred":[140],"as":[142],"Transformer":[143,169],").":[144],"encoder":[147,163],"yields":[148],"most":[150],"significant":[151],"improvement":[152],"2.0":[154],"BLEU":[156,167],"NMT,":[160],"while":[161],"improves":[164],"1.2":[165],".":[170],"This":[171,187],"indicates":[172,189],"usefulness":[174],"an":[176],"WSD":[177],"modeling":[180,199],"also":[188],"effectiveness":[191],"our":[193],"NMT.":[207],"Finally,":[208],"discuss":[210],"depth":[212],"how":[213],"benefit":[216],"different":[217],"frameworks":[219],"from":[220],"several":[221],"perspectives.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
