{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973769932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344546","title":"Understanding the Messages Conveyed by Automated Vehicles","display_name":"Understanding the Messages Conveyed by Automated Vehicles","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973769932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344546","mag":"2973769932"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3342197.3344546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076251162","display_name":"Yee Mun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3601-4191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yee Mun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078075851","display_name":"Ruth Madigan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-8012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruth Madigan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103867708","display_name":"Jorge Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6704-0507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042783760","display_name":"Andrew Tomlinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-7034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Tomlinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029519913","display_name":"Albert Solernou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4857-0240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Solernou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022268696","display_name":"Richard Romano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-4077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Romano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019237761","display_name":"Gustav Markkula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-1582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustav Markkula","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059540023","display_name":"Natasha Merat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natasha Merat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079852841","display_name":"Jim Uttley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-3473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Uttley","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.808,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9800513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"134","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.8582131266593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7643811702728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6987144351005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.6249855756759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.586179792881012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.4194677472114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12050822377204895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.8582131266593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7643811702728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6987144351005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6249855756759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.586179792881012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4194677472114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12050822377204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3342197.3344546","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:152743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4486397745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R008833/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971566280","https://openalex.org/W1991589941","https://openalex.org/W2018260930","https://openalex.org/W2037320712","https://openalex.org/W2071669682","https://openalex.org/W2156742052","https://openalex.org/W2479380448","https://openalex.org/W2487567741","https://openalex.org/W2507800322","https://openalex.org/W2612105706","https://openalex.org/W2699182498","https://openalex.org/W2768205026","https://openalex.org/W2791167929","https://openalex.org/W2793917653","https://openalex.org/W2795538447","https://openalex.org/W2885800163","https://openalex.org/W2890784199","https://openalex.org/W2891692369","https://openalex.org/W2901419506","https://openalex.org/W2939338567","https://openalex.org/W2959716684","https://openalex.org/W2969564954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548721895","https://openalex.org/W2377903124","https://openalex.org/W2373456246","https://openalex.org/W2351655225","https://openalex.org/W2013265273","https://openalex.org/W4238809000","https://openalex.org/W2413419736","https://openalex.org/W2786646446","https://openalex.org/W3196817267","https://openalex.org/W2145520648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"and":[1,7,43,75,94],"safe":[2],"interactions":[3,23],"between":[4],"automated":[5,73],"vehicles":[6],"other":[8,33],"road":[9,34],"users":[10],"can":[11],"be":[12,115],"supported":[13],"through":[14],"external":[15],"Human-Machine":[16],"Interfaces":[17],"(eHMI).":[18],"The":[19,80],"success":[20],"of":[21,85,87,134],"these":[22],"relies":[24],"on":[25],"the":[26,54,101,132,142],"eHMI":[27,60,82,103,136],"signals":[28,61],"being":[29],"adequately":[30],"understood":[31],"by":[32],"users.":[35],"A":[36],"paired-comparison":[37],"forced":[38],"choice":[39],"task":[40,47],"(Task":[41,48],"1),":[42],"a":[44,88,91,112,139],"6-point":[45],"rating":[46],"2)":[49],"were":[50],"used":[51],"to":[52,56,114,120],"assess":[53],"extent":[55],"which":[57],"ten":[58],"different":[59,81,107],"conveyed":[62],"three":[63],"separate":[64],"messages,":[65],"'I":[66,70,76],"am":[67,71],"giving":[68],"way',":[69],"in":[72,141],"mode'":[74],"will":[77],"start":[78],"moving'.":[79],"options":[83],"consisted":[84],"variations":[86],"360\u00b0":[89],"lightband,":[90],"single":[92],"lamp,":[93],"an":[95,135],"auditory":[96],"signal.":[97],"Results":[98],"demonstrated":[99],"that":[100],"same":[102],"format":[104],"could":[105],"convey":[106],"messages":[108],"equally":[109],"well,":[110],"suggesting":[111],"need":[113],"cautious":[116],"when":[117],"designing":[118],"eHMI,":[119],"avoid":[121],"presenting":[122],"misleading,":[123],"potentially":[124],"unsafe,":[125],"information.":[126],"Future":[127],"research":[128],"should":[129],"investigate":[130],"whether":[131],"use":[133],"signal":[137],"indicating":[138],"change":[140],"AV's":[143],"behaviour":[144],"is":[145],"sufficient":[146],"for":[147],"conveying":[148],"intention.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
