{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033106251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387404","title":"Engage Against the Machine: Rise of the Notional Machines as Effective Pedagogical Devices","display_name":"Engage Against the Machine: Rise of the Notional Machines as Effective Pedagogical Devices","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033106251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387404","mag":"3033106251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3341525.3387404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387404","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/134584419/notional_machines.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043607695","display_name":"Paul E. Dickson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87424562","display_name":"Ithaca College","ror":"https://ror.org/01kw1gj07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul E. Dickson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056326360","display_name":"Neil C. C. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-2479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil C. C. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054692443","display_name":"Brett A. Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brett A. Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"159","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notional-amount","display_name":"Notional amount","score":0.9902160167694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8033773899078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5777543187141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5639404058456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.47500813007354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42846155166625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4255271255970001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4127645492553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.36851203441619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33748793601989746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192063788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063049","display_name":"Notional amount","level":2,"score":0.9902160167694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8033773899078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5777543187141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5639404058456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.47500813007354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42846155166625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4255271255970001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4127645492553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.36851203441619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33748793601989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3341525.3387404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387404","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/3f30344f-9180-4087-b7f5-b4db3b18b74d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/3f30344f-9180-4087-b7f5-b4db3b18b74d","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/134584419/notional_machines.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.ithaca.edu:scopus_articles-1075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/scopus_articles/76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196817","display_name":"Digital Collections - Ithaca College Library (Ithaca College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I87424562","host_organization_name":"Ithaca College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87424562"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles Indexed in Scopus","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/3f30344f-9180-4087-b7f5-b4db3b18b74d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85086457687&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/3f30344f-9180-4087-b7f5-b4db3b18b74d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/3f30344f-9180-4087-b7f5-b4db3b18b74d","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/134584419/notional_machines.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033106251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033106251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152987415","https://openalex.org/W1968956798","https://openalex.org/W1987311676","https://openalex.org/W1991469716","https://openalex.org/W2016839846","https://openalex.org/W2026930327","https://openalex.org/W2046589032","https://openalex.org/W2062948125","https://openalex.org/W2076184887","https://openalex.org/W2079404256","https://openalex.org/W2117381792","https://openalex.org/W2117849870","https://openalex.org/W2127757021","https://openalex.org/W2144813525","https://openalex.org/W2150930945","https://openalex.org/W2167759247","https://openalex.org/W2168795140","https://openalex.org/W2274171761","https://openalex.org/W2341483791","https://openalex.org/W2469953254","https://openalex.org/W2511987018","https://openalex.org/W2529121287","https://openalex.org/W2592233721","https://openalex.org/W2727220479","https://openalex.org/W2748071319","https://openalex.org/W2748908871","https://openalex.org/W2787993273","https://openalex.org/W2895142433","https://openalex.org/W2910880405","https://openalex.org/W2916708654","https://openalex.org/W2917373358","https://openalex.org/W2963654382","https://openalex.org/W2978854675","https://openalex.org/W2980097944","https://openalex.org/W2996950498","https://openalex.org/W3000535281","https://openalex.org/W3008479641","https://openalex.org/W4253339504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300185858","https://openalex.org/W1593635781","https://openalex.org/W3143683079","https://openalex.org/W4229444016","https://openalex.org/W4389831142","https://openalex.org/W1524721630","https://openalex.org/W1499627774","https://openalex.org/W2233221338","https://openalex.org/W3124466727","https://openalex.org/W2807392787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22],"term":[1],"\"the":[2],"machine\"":[3],"is":[4,83,102,141,182],"commonly":[5],"used":[6,205],"to":[7,9,47,106,144,151],"refer":[8],"the":[10,42,48,90,168,176],"complicated":[11],"physical":[12],"hardware":[13],"running":[14],"similarly":[15],"complex":[16],"software":[17],"that":[18,24,140,180],"ultimately":[19],"executes":[20],"programs.":[21],"idea":[23],"programmers":[25],"write":[26],"programs":[27],"for":[28,85,211],"a":[29,54,63,138,145,196],"notional":[30,70,122,132,169,177],"machine":[31,43,178],"-":[32,40],"an":[33,37],"abstract":[34],"model":[35],"of":[36,50,89,121,190,200],"execution":[38],"environment":[39],"not":[41,103],"itself,":[44],"has":[45,61,111],"risen":[46],"point":[49],"gaining":[51],"acceptance":[52],"as":[53],"useful":[55],"device":[56],"in":[57,72,124,137,149,206],"computing":[58,155],"education.":[59],"This":[60],"seeded":[62],"growing":[64],"discussion":[65],"about":[66],"how":[67,115,191],"explicitly":[68,162],"utilizing":[69],"machines":[71,123,133,170],"teaching":[73,201,212],"can":[74,117,194],"help":[75],"students":[76],"construct":[77],"more":[78,142,153,197,207],"accurate":[79],"mental":[80],"models,":[81],"which":[82],"essential":[84],"learning":[86],"programming.":[87],"Much":[88],"existing":[91],"literature":[92],"necessarily":[93],"involves":[94],"specific":[95],"languages,":[96],"visualization,":[97],"and/or":[98],"facilitating":[99],"tools,":[100],"and":[101,134,167,174,185,203],"very":[104],"accessible":[105,143],"many":[107],"practitioners.":[108],"Less":[109],"focus":[110],"been":[112],"put":[113],"on":[114],"teachers":[116],"make":[118],"explicit":[119],"use":[120,136],"their":[125,135],"teaching.":[126],"In":[127],"this":[128,192],"paper":[129],"we":[130],"describe":[131],"manner":[139],"general":[146],"educator":[147],"audience":[148],"order":[150],"facilitate":[152,195],"effective":[154,208],"education":[156],"at":[157],"all":[158],"levels.":[159],"We":[160,187],"advocate":[161],"delineating":[163],"between":[164],"visualization":[165],"tools":[166],"they":[171],"depict,":[172],"isolating":[173],"clarifying":[175],"so":[179],"it":[181],"conspicuous,":[183],"apparent":[184],"useful.":[186],"present":[188],"examples":[189],"approach":[193],"consistent":[198],"method":[199],"computing,":[202],"be":[204],"pedagogical":[209],"practice":[210],"computing.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
