{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033994752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387402","title":"Introducing a Paper-Based Programming Language for Computing Education in Classrooms","display_name":"Introducing a Paper-Based Programming Language for Computing Education in Classrooms","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033994752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387402","mag":"3033994752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3341525.3387402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387402","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/276956/files/fp175-mehrotraA.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016049198","display_name":"Aditya Mehrotra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-5224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Mehrotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045394543","display_name":"Christian Giang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-9253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Giang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobots Group EPFL & SUPSI-DFA, Lausanne & Locarno, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobots Group EPFL & SUPSI-DFA, Lausanne & Locarno, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012559569","display_name":"No\u00e9 Duruz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"No\u00e9 Duruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041769157","display_name":"Julien Dedelley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julien Dedelley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038628062","display_name":"Andrea Mussati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Mussati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030582595","display_name":"Melissa Skweres","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Skweres","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024362147","display_name":"Francesco Mondada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8641-8704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Mondada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobots Group EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91492386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"180","last_page":"186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7635111808776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.718662679195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.6732944250106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.6624342203140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.6406031250953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5648747682571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.41286787390708923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-education","display_name":"Formal education","score":0.41209179162979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3396487832069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3227348327636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24516832828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.15893635153770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12584352493286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07830506563186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.07602384686470032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7635111808776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.718662679195404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6732944250106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.6624342203140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.6406031250953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5648747682571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.41286787390708923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017614220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal education","level":2,"score":0.41209179162979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3396487832069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3227348327636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24516832828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.15893635153770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12584352493286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07830506563186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07602384686470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3341525.3387402","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3341525.3387402","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:276956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/276956","pdf_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/276956/files/fp175-mehrotraA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:276956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/276956","pdf_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/276956/files/fp175-mehrotraA.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321862","display_name":"Gebert R\u00fcf Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/04mbctq18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321942","display_name":"Hasler Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/04m3t9183"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326765","display_name":"National Centre of Competence in Research Robotics","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033994752.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033994752.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580195166","https://openalex.org/W1985153681","https://openalex.org/W2013126094","https://openalex.org/W2016621390","https://openalex.org/W2030186931","https://openalex.org/W2036041771","https://openalex.org/W2049723329","https://openalex.org/W2052194215","https://openalex.org/W2058869720","https://openalex.org/W2081896637","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2119673170","https://openalex.org/W2144282840","https://openalex.org/W2161719757","https://openalex.org/W2535073923","https://openalex.org/W2541892138","https://openalex.org/W2567565366","https://openalex.org/W2795373588","https://openalex.org/W2943748298","https://openalex.org/W2982970122","https://openalex.org/W2997641640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560936962","https://openalex.org/W2788727012","https://openalex.org/W4388203630","https://openalex.org/W2526386912","https://openalex.org/W2410591377","https://openalex.org/W2323113755","https://openalex.org/W2506793457","https://openalex.org/W2359476398","https://openalex.org/W2356645659","https://openalex.org/W2738162359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Past":[0],"research":[1],"has":[2,34],"shown":[3],"that":[4,75,159],"the":[5,27,43,59,78,112,123,135,138,180,183,192],"use":[6,60,193],"of":[7,29,61,67,80,114,128,176,194],"tangible":[8],"programming":[9,95],"platforms":[10],"in":[11,32,82,101,152,196],"computing":[12],"education":[13],"can":[14],"enhance":[15],"students'":[16],"interest,":[17],"engagement,":[18],"and":[19,45,52,72,131,145,166],"collaboration":[20],"within":[21],"workgroups.":[22],"However,":[23],"to":[24,42,48,148,191],"this":[25,57],"day,":[26],"adoption":[28],"such":[30,54],"interfaces":[31],"classrooms":[33],"remained":[35],"relatively":[36],"scarce.":[37],"This":[38,84],"is":[39],"possibly":[40],"due":[41],"expenses":[44],"efforts":[46],"necessary":[47],"acquire,":[49],"set":[50],"up":[51],"maintain":[53],"platforms.":[55],"In":[56,134],"context,":[58],"paper":[62,81],"as":[63],"a":[64],"principal":[65],"means":[66],"interaction":[68,113],"represents":[69],"an":[70,89,153],"inexpensive":[71],"versatile":[73],"solution,":[74],"additionally":[76],"harnesses":[77],"prevalence":[79],"classrooms.":[83],"work,":[85],"therefore,":[86],"introduces":[87],"PaPL,":[88],"easily":[90],"reproducible":[91],"platform":[92,98,124,139],"for":[93],"paper-based":[94],"languages.":[96],"The":[97,106,156],"was":[99,140],"evaluated":[100],"two":[102],"exploratory":[103],"user":[104],"studies.":[105],"first":[107],"study":[108,185],"aimed":[109],"at":[110],"investigating":[111],"over":[115],"100":[116],"senior":[117],"year":[118],"high":[119],"school":[120],"students":[121,177],"with":[122,142,179,189],"under":[125],"varying":[126],"conditions":[127],"group":[129,160],"size":[130,161],"usage":[132,151,170],"constraints.":[133],"second":[136],"study,":[137],"tested":[141],"32":[143],"sixth-graders":[144],"2":[146],"teachers":[147],"evaluate":[149],"its":[150],"authentic":[154],"context.":[155],"results":[157,188],"indicate":[158],"may":[162,172],"affect":[163,173],"active":[164,174],"discussion":[165,175],"error":[167],"count,":[168],"while":[169],"constraints":[171],"interacting":[178],"platform.":[181],"Moreover,":[182],"classroom":[184],"shows":[186],"promising":[187],"regard":[190],"PaPL":[195],"formal":[197],"education.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}