{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2950979020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3341491","title":"Improving Borderline Adulthood Facial Age Estimation through Ensemble Learning","display_name":"Improving Borderline Adulthood Facial Age Estimation through Ensemble Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2950979020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3341491","mag":"2950979020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3339252.3341491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3341491","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.01427","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009171216","display_name":"Felix Anda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix Anda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037769267","display_name":"David Lillis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-4463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lillis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061435270","display_name":"Aikaterini Kanta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-3092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aikaterini Kanta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054692443","display_name":"Brett A. Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brett A. Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039079298","display_name":"Elias Bou\u2010Harb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-4635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Bou-Harb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073189627","display_name":"Nhien\u2010An Le\u2010Khac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-2212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nhien-An Le-Khac","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033950555","display_name":"Mark Scanlon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-7164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Scanlon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland and Cyber Threat Intelligence Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009171216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8174,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77021579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11322","display_name":"Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques","score":0.9466000199317932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9398000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6236826777458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5792909264564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.575690746307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5577093362808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.45495879650115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.44419509172439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.43975910544395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43866705894470215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6236826777458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5792909264564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.575690746307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5577093362808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.45495879650115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.44419509172439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.43975910544395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43866705894470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3339252.3341491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3341491","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.01427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.01427","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.01427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchrepository.ucd.ie:10197/11342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/11342","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10197/11342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402280","display_name":"Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","host_organization_name":"University College Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Publication"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.01427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.01427","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.01427","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W641959581","https://openalex.org/W1545140005","https://openalex.org/W1905153633","https://openalex.org/W1962096123","https://openalex.org/W1963761926","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2036565334","https://openalex.org/W2067431615","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2135107501","https://openalex.org/W2163828439","https://openalex.org/W2187016681","https://openalex.org/W2250384498","https://openalex.org/W2291944856","https://openalex.org/W2503949425","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2510942634","https://openalex.org/W2521090836","https://openalex.org/W2588668497","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2624607299","https://openalex.org/W2748140016","https://openalex.org/W2751370247","https://openalex.org/W2792288312","https://openalex.org/W2792716682","https://openalex.org/W2941513407","https://openalex.org/W2964219036","https://openalex.org/W3099258169","https://openalex.org/W3103455452","https://openalex.org/W4244190327","https://openalex.org/W4245134515","https://openalex.org/W4252067790","https://openalex.org/W4297667799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2376202349","https://openalex.org/W2969318460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"high":[1],"performance":[2],"for":[3,69,113,131],"facial":[4,145],"age":[5,29,115,133,146],"estimation":[6,87],"with":[7,90],"subjects":[8],"in":[9,62,88],"the":[10,28,45,59,63,83,101,114,128],"borderline":[11,64],"between":[12,51],"adulthood":[13],"and":[14,37,143,158],"non-adulthood":[15],"has":[16,65,97],"always":[17],"been":[18,41,66,98],"a":[19,31,67],"challenge.":[20],"Several":[21],"studies":[22],"have":[23,40,76,107],"used":[24],"different":[25,38],"approaches":[26],"from":[27],"of":[30,58,85,111,140],"baby":[32],"to":[33,43,53,118],"an":[34,78,109,138],"elder":[35],"adult":[36],"datasets":[39],"employed":[42],"measure":[44],"mean":[46],"absolute":[47],"error":[48],"(MAE)":[49],"ranging":[50],"1.47":[52],"8":[54],"years.":[55],"The":[56],"weakness":[57],"algorithms":[60],"specifically":[61],"motivation":[68],"this":[70],"paper.":[71],"In":[72],"our":[73,91],"approach,":[74],"we":[75],"developed":[77],"ensemble":[79],"technique":[80],"that":[81,96],"improves":[82],"accuracy":[84,110,130],"underage":[86],"conjunction":[89],"deep":[92],"learning":[93],"model":[94],"(DS13K)":[95],"fine-tuned":[99],"on":[100],"Deep":[102],"Expectation":[103],"(DEX)":[104],"model.":[105],"We":[106,135],"achieved":[108],"68%":[112],"group":[116],"16":[117],"17":[119],"years":[120],"old,":[121],"which":[122],"is":[123],"4":[124],"times":[125],"better":[126],"than":[127],"DEX":[129],"such":[132,149],"range.":[134],"also":[136],"present":[137],"evaluation":[139],"existing":[141],"cloud-based":[142],"offline":[144],"prediction":[147],"services,":[148],"as":[150],"Amazon":[151],"Rekognition,":[152],"Microsoft":[153],"Azure":[154],"Cognitive":[155],"Services,":[156],"How-Old.net":[157],"DEX.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}