{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963589704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339186.3339209","title":"An Analysis of Contracts and Relationships between Supercomputing Centers and Electricity Service Providers","display_name":"An Analysis of Contracts and Relationships between Supercomputing Centers and Electricity Service Providers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963589704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339186.3339209","mag":"2963589704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3339186.3339209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339186.3339209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Workshop Proceedings of the 48th International Conference on Parallel Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039716383","display_name":"Anders Clausen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-7705"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anders Clausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108514692","display_name":"Gregory A. Koenig","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Koenig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081034910","display_name":"Sonja Klingert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-003X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonja Klingert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042412959","display_name":"Girish Ghatikar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girish Ghatikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066082213","display_name":"Peter M. Schwartz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M. Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074317507","display_name":"Natalie Bates","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Efficiency High-Performance, Working Group - Grid Integration","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039716383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60460424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.6145738363265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.6076858639717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6007850170135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.549614667892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5406655073165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.537870466709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5177673101425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.49407055974006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4923285245895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercomputer","display_name":"Supercomputer","score":0.48171454668045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.47259077429771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermittency","display_name":"Intermittency","score":0.454046368598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.4151507616043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4019896984100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.36054447293281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.20168742537498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.12788772583007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10485726594924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09182435274124146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.6145738363265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.6076858639717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6007850170135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.549614667892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5406655073165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.537870466709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5177673101425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.49407055974006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4923285245895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.48171454668045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.47259077429771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666248","display_name":"Intermittency","level":3,"score":0.454046368598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.4151507616043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4019896984100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36054447293281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20168742537498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.12788772583007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10485726594924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09182435274124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3339186.3339209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3339186.3339209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Workshop Proceedings of the 48th International Conference on Parallel Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de:51307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3339186.3339209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196315","display_name":"MADOC (University of Mannheim)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","host_organization_name":"University of Mannheim","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W240410933","https://openalex.org/W1584442040","https://openalex.org/W1940369520","https://openalex.org/W1969851625","https://openalex.org/W1983313242","https://openalex.org/W1995587272","https://openalex.org/W1996476671","https://openalex.org/W2004858424","https://openalex.org/W2018107375","https://openalex.org/W2023099465","https://openalex.org/W2024277001","https://openalex.org/W2034259497","https://openalex.org/W2046465142","https://openalex.org/W2052671641","https://openalex.org/W2080853328","https://openalex.org/W2082291889","https://openalex.org/W2089758604","https://openalex.org/W2115700971","https://openalex.org/W2150981219","https://openalex.org/W2160868127","https://openalex.org/W2222085488","https://openalex.org/W2397021415","https://openalex.org/W2482121505","https://openalex.org/W2500448016","https://openalex.org/W2536215755","https://openalex.org/W2552289040","https://openalex.org/W2553404802","https://openalex.org/W2912252885","https://openalex.org/W6603944243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564644595","https://openalex.org/W1566002589","https://openalex.org/W1589804082","https://openalex.org/W2042838258","https://openalex.org/W4226166178","https://openalex.org/W1967480872","https://openalex.org/W4387214903","https://openalex.org/W2075007075","https://openalex.org/W2036244869","https://openalex.org/W1964264122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increases":[0],"in":[1,66,82,122],"peak":[2],"electricity":[3,24],"demands":[4],"and":[5,16,34,56,80,86,99,107,148],"the":[6,41,67,83,117],"growing":[7],"use":[8],"of":[9,44,75,135],"renewable":[10],"energy":[11],"---":[12,19],"with":[13,141],"associated":[14],"intermittency":[15],"variable":[17,32,103],"output":[18],"present":[20,130],"new":[21],"challenges":[22],"to":[23,39,46,52,96,100,124,137,144],"service":[25,76],"providers":[26],"(ESPs).":[27],"ESPs":[28,79,143],"employ":[29],"demand":[30,35,108],"charges,":[31],"tariffs":[33],"response":[36,123],"(DR)":[37],"programs":[38],"influence":[40],"consumption":[42],"behavior":[43],"consumers":[45],"partially":[47],"mitigate":[48],"these":[49,125],"challenges.":[50],"Due":[51],"their":[53,139,142],"high":[54],"load":[55],"potential":[57],"flexibility,":[58],"supercomputing":[59],"centers":[60],"(SCs)":[61],"are":[62,110],"increasingly":[63],"gaining":[64],"importance":[65],"grid.":[68],"This":[69],"paper":[70],"presents":[71],"a":[72,92],"qualitative":[73],"study":[74],"contracts":[77],"between":[78],"SCs":[81,121,136],"United":[84],"States":[85],"Europe.":[87],"From":[88],"this":[89],"we":[90,115,129],"extract":[91],"contract":[93],"typology":[94],"used":[95],"understand":[97],"how,":[98],"what":[101],"extent,":[102],"tariffs,":[104],"DR":[105],"programs,":[106],"charges":[109],"imposed":[111],"on":[112,132],"SCs.":[113],"Further,":[114],"highlight":[116],"actions":[118],"taken":[119],"by":[120],"contractual":[126],"elements.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"perspectives":[131],"grid":[133],"integration":[134],"enhance":[138],"collaboration":[140],"benefit":[145],"supply":[146],"stability":[147],"resilience.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}