{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969033227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338942","title":"Generating effective test cases for self-driving cars from police reports","display_name":"Generating effective test cases for self-driving cars from police reports","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969033227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338942","mag":"2969033227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3338906.3338942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338942","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077479330","display_name":"Alessio Gambi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-6497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Gambi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113171979","display_name":"Tri Huynh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tri Huynh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland University, Germany / CISPA, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland University, Germany / CISPA, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801","https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077479330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96014109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"257","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-driving","display_name":"Self driving","score":0.769101619720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6111111640930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.5624933838844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5149591565132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.49143826961517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-test","display_name":"Driving test","score":0.4694095849990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4691084027290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dangerous-driving","display_name":"Dangerous driving","score":0.4239908456802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.4186323881149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37657299637794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3162766695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2998702824115753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.2919275760650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14179754257202148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10875767469406128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018391801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741490","display_name":"Self driving","level":2,"score":0.769101619720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6111111640930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.5624933838844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5149591565132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.49143826961517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777745276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392263","display_name":"Driving test","level":3,"score":0.4694095849990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4691084027290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779925283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5216147","display_name":"Dangerous driving","level":2,"score":0.4239908456802368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.4186323881149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37657299637794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3162766695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2998702824115753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2919275760650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14179754257202148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10875767469406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3338906.3338942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338942","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274990821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N023978/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W609325375","https://openalex.org/W1493903612","https://openalex.org/W1597799702","https://openalex.org/W1766552042","https://openalex.org/W1956142090","https://openalex.org/W1972375918","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2053869519","https://openalex.org/W2094061585","https://openalex.org/W2097968109","https://openalex.org/W2098162425","https://openalex.org/W2103552788","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2137819695","https://openalex.org/W2141808590","https://openalex.org/W2164649341","https://openalex.org/W2322584079","https://openalex.org/W2495601248","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2528601381","https://openalex.org/W2564317698","https://openalex.org/W2566243177","https://openalex.org/W2592057610","https://openalex.org/W2602753196","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2730591385","https://openalex.org/W2736332383","https://openalex.org/W2738036093","https://openalex.org/W2775678306","https://openalex.org/W2795880720","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2854345383","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2888510757","https://openalex.org/W2891056855","https://openalex.org/W2906113978","https://openalex.org/W2914393402","https://openalex.org/W2956093012","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2968983352","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W3163244177","https://openalex.org/W4239815525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971767671","https://openalex.org/W2002802905","https://openalex.org/W2164019812","https://openalex.org/W2733748981","https://openalex.org/W629262350","https://openalex.org/W2479640765","https://openalex.org/W613009521","https://openalex.org/W4214550998","https://openalex.org/W2755640343","https://openalex.org/W2969033227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"driving":[1,50,182],"carries":[2],"the":[3,8,37,105,124,132,154,157,188],"promise":[4],"to":[5,61,78,126,176],"drastically":[6],"reduce":[7],"number":[9],"of":[10,36,107,142,153,156,167,173],"car":[11,56,64,74,100,113,129,168],"accidents;":[12],"however,":[13],"recently":[14],"reported":[15],"fatal":[16],"crashes":[17,75,114,130,169],"involving":[18,146],"self-driving":[19,40,55,99],"cars":[20],"show":[21],"that":[22,93,161],"such":[23],"an":[24,91],"important":[25],"goal":[26],"is":[27,43],"not":[28,117],"yet":[29],"achieved.":[30],"This":[31],"calls":[32],"for":[33,97],"better":[34,53],"testing":[35,98],"software":[38],"controlling":[39],"cars,":[41],"which":[42,67,115,135,178],"difficult":[44,77],"because":[45],"it":[46],"requires":[47],"producing":[48],"challenging":[49],"scenarios.":[51],"To":[52,102],"test":[54,63,79,189],"soft-":[57],"ware,":[58],"we":[59,83,122,162],"propose":[60],"specifically":[62],"crash":[65],"scenarios,":[66,183],"are":[68,76],"critical":[69,181],"par":[70],"excellence.":[71],"Since":[72],"real":[73,112,128],"in":[80,90,170,191,198],"field":[81],"operation,":[82],"recreate":[84,127],"them":[85],"as":[86],"physically":[87],"accurate":[88,165],"simulations":[89,166],"environment":[92],"can":[94,163],"be":[95],"used":[96],"software.":[101],"cope":[103],"with":[104],"scarcity":[106],"sensory":[108],"data":[109],"collected":[110],"during":[111],"does":[116],"enable":[118],"a":[119,143,150,171],"full":[120],"reproduction,":[121],"extract":[123],"information":[125],"from":[131],"police":[133],"reports":[134],"document":[136],"them.":[137],"Our":[138],"extensive":[139],"evaluation,":[140],"consisting":[141],"user":[144],"study":[145],"34":[147],"participants":[148],"and":[149,194],"quantitative":[151],"analysis":[152],"quality":[155],"generated":[158],"tests,":[159],"shows":[160],"generate":[164],"matter":[172],"minutes.":[174],"Compared":[175],"tests":[177,185],"implement":[179],"non":[180],"our":[184],"effectively":[186],"stressed":[187],"subject":[190],"different":[192],"ways":[193],"exposed":[195],"several":[196],"shortcomings":[197],"its":[199],"implementation.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
