{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2967058750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338910","title":"Testing scratch programs automatically","display_name":"Testing scratch programs automatically","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2967058750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338910","mag":"2967058750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3338906.3338910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338910","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016649149","display_name":"Andreas Stahlbauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Stahlbauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068148900","display_name":"Marvin Kreis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Kreis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016649149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9669614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"165","last_page":"175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.9688880443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.820968747138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5384236574172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4939616322517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.48634153604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4138840436935425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.9688880443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.820968747138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5384236574172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4939616322517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.48634153604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4138840436935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3338906.3338910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3338910","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274990821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N023978/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487629853","https://openalex.org/W1577384748","https://openalex.org/W1602056896","https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1983477653","https://openalex.org/W1995093962","https://openalex.org/W2021972519","https://openalex.org/W2026926213","https://openalex.org/W2065180040","https://openalex.org/W2065948900","https://openalex.org/W2086631793","https://openalex.org/W2101398579","https://openalex.org/W2105136061","https://openalex.org/W2105864475","https://openalex.org/W2110062879","https://openalex.org/W2119717320","https://openalex.org/W2124430468","https://openalex.org/W2126626789","https://openalex.org/W2128779711","https://openalex.org/W2134123646","https://openalex.org/W2136132047","https://openalex.org/W2151828850","https://openalex.org/W2165444961","https://openalex.org/W2293632864","https://openalex.org/W2294905309","https://openalex.org/W2464228044","https://openalex.org/W2511447228","https://openalex.org/W2603696004","https://openalex.org/W2619648993","https://openalex.org/W2765987855","https://openalex.org/W2910283387","https://openalex.org/W3002839602","https://openalex.org/W4293898435"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475116013","https://openalex.org/W2770018148","https://openalex.org/W2358308169","https://openalex.org/W2385135707","https://openalex.org/W2140315382","https://openalex.org/W2059109728","https://openalex.org/W322691623","https://openalex.org/W2494989134","https://openalex.org/W2509444723","https://openalex.org/W2004958254"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Block-based":[0],"programming":[1,9,40,177],"environments":[2],"like":[3],"Scratch":[4,18,81,102,118,144],"foster":[5],"engagement":[6],"with":[7,36,90],"computer":[8],"and":[10,26,48,50,56,97,109,120,150,156,160,168],"are":[11],"used":[12],"by":[13],"millions":[14],"of":[15,80,125,143,165,176],"young":[16],"learners.":[17],"allows":[19],"learners":[20,49,175],"to":[21,45,54,173],"quickly":[22],"create":[23],"entertaining":[24],"programs":[25,111],"games,":[27],"while":[28],"eliminating":[29],"syntactical":[30],"program":[31],"errors":[32,41],"that":[33,76,113,148],"could":[34],"interfere":[35],"progress.":[37],"However,":[38],"functional":[39],"may":[42],"still":[43],"lead":[44],"incorrect":[46],"programs,":[47,119],"their":[51,179],"teachers":[52],"need":[53],"identify":[55],"understand":[57],"these":[58],"errors.":[59],"This":[60],"is":[61],"currently":[62],"an":[63,123],"entirely":[64],"manual":[65],"process.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68,87],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,146],"introduce":[71],"a":[72,166],"formal":[73,88],"testing":[74,82,99,132,152],"framework":[75,89],"describes":[77],"the":[78,91,141,158],"problem":[79],"in":[83,140,178],"detail.":[84],"We":[85],"instantiate":[86],"Whisker":[92,114],"tool,":[93],"which":[94],"provides":[95],"automated":[96,149],"property-based":[98,151],"functionality":[100],"for":[101],"programs.":[103],"Empirical":[104],"evaluation":[105],"on":[106],"real":[107],"student":[108],"teacher":[110],"demonstrates":[112],"can":[115,153],"successfully":[116],"test":[117,136],"automatically":[121],"achieves":[122],"average":[124],"95.25":[126],"%":[127],"code":[128],"coverage.":[129],"Although":[130],"well-known":[131],"problems":[133],"such":[134],"as":[135],"flakiness":[137],"also":[138],"exist":[139],"scenario":[142],"testing,":[145],"show":[147],"accurately":[154],"reproduce":[155],"replace":[157],"manually":[159],"laboriously":[161],"produced":[162],"grading":[163],"efforts":[164],"teacher,":[167],"opens":[169],"up":[170],"new":[171],"possibilities":[172],"support":[174],"struggles.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
