{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2987396438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338467.3358950","title":"First-Order Masking with Only Two Random Bits","display_name":"First-Order Masking with Only Two Random Bits","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2987396438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338467.3358950","mag":"2987396438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3338467.3358950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338467.3358950","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Theory of Implementation Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/662325","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087747244","display_name":"Hannes Gro\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101287","display_name":"HS-Art Digital Service (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/016pz0d03","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101287"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hannes Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":["SGS Digital Trust Services GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SGS Digital Trust Services GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020488954","display_name":"Ko Stoffelen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ko Stoffelen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059878303","display_name":"Lauren De Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-2722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren De Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031274563","display_name":"Martin Krenn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Krenn","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Graz, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015437576","display_name":"Stefan Mangard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9650-8041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Mangard","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Graz, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087747244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87065389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"10","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.7142016887664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6620510816574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4733926057815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3210534453392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20906618237495422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.7142016887664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6620510816574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4733926057815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3210534453392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20906618237495422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3338467.3358950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3338467.3358950","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Theory of Implementation Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/662325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/662325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theory of Implementation Security, London, 11 November 2019","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/214990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/214990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bilgin, B. (ed.), TIS'19: Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Theory of Implementation Security Workshop, London United Kingdom November, 2019, pp. 10\u201323","raw_type":"Article in monograph or in proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/214990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/214990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bilgin, B. (ed.), TIS'19: Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Theory of Implementation Security Workshop, London United Kingdom November, 2019, 10\u201323. [S.l.] : Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/662325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/662325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theory of Implementation Security, London, 11 November 2019","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7125584","https://openalex.org/W304719106","https://openalex.org/W569983065","https://openalex.org/W802019357","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1541150254","https://openalex.org/W1567394420","https://openalex.org/W1576488632","https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1703129327","https://openalex.org/W1724890242","https://openalex.org/W1897761346","https://openalex.org/W2003858108","https://openalex.org/W2096513649","https://openalex.org/W2149045748","https://openalex.org/W2149174385","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2161740631","https://openalex.org/W2251439738","https://openalex.org/W2294868896","https://openalex.org/W2418954816","https://openalex.org/W2479727864","https://openalex.org/W2479738517","https://openalex.org/W2522445650","https://openalex.org/W2534456676","https://openalex.org/W2565863608","https://openalex.org/W2574539584","https://openalex.org/W2586046457","https://openalex.org/W2591961801","https://openalex.org/W2612816951","https://openalex.org/W2613550625","https://openalex.org/W2621165181","https://openalex.org/W2740740730","https://openalex.org/W2751043011","https://openalex.org/W2758799253","https://openalex.org/W2766707086","https://openalex.org/W2768149256","https://openalex.org/W2769808448","https://openalex.org/W2770222748","https://openalex.org/W2770340794","https://openalex.org/W2784656727","https://openalex.org/W2793847091","https://openalex.org/W2794597406","https://openalex.org/W2801742862","https://openalex.org/W2807166278","https://openalex.org/W2886479358","https://openalex.org/W2902280009","https://openalex.org/W2907717506","https://openalex.org/W2951734705","https://openalex.org/W4252227927","https://openalex.org/W4252865489","https://openalex.org/W4254071860","https://openalex.org/W4287901611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W3081694532","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Masking":[0],"is":[1,50,97],"the":[2,30,35,41,61,78,85,89,106,118,188,208,225,235,242],"best-researched":[3],"countermeasure":[4],"against":[5],"side-channel":[6],"analysis":[7],"attacks.":[8],"Even":[9],"though":[10],"masking":[11,87,115,129],"was":[12],"introduced":[13],"almost":[14],"20":[15],"years":[16],"ago,":[17],"its":[18],"efficient":[19],"implementation":[20,199],"continues":[21],"to":[22,83,91,157,233],"be":[23,134],"an":[24,197],"active":[25],"research":[26],"topic.":[27],"Many":[28],"of":[29,37,43,56,108,210,222],"existing":[31],"works":[32,58],"focus":[33],"on":[34,60],"reduction":[36],"randomness":[38,67,81,90,110,122],"requirements":[39,111,184],"since":[40],"production":[42],"fresh":[44,140],"random":[45,141,153],"bits":[46,142,154,221],"with":[47,218],"high":[48],"entropy":[49],"very":[51],"costly":[52],"in":[53,69,131,216],"practice.":[54],"Most":[55],"these":[57,183,231],"rely":[59],"assumption":[62],"that":[63,77,127,151,181,194],"only":[64,219],"so-called":[65],"online":[66,146],"results":[68,232],"additional":[70],"costs.":[71],"In":[72,100],"practice,":[73],"however,":[74],"it":[75],"shows":[76],"distinction":[79],"between":[80,237],"costs":[82,119],"produce":[84],"initial":[86,121,226],"and":[88,143,161,185,239,241],"maintain":[92],"security":[93],"during":[94],"computation":[95],"(online)":[96],"not":[98],"meaningful.":[99],"this":[101,211],"work,":[102],"we":[103,174,229],"thus":[104],"study":[105],"question":[107],"minimum":[109],"for":[112,120,190,244],"first-order":[113,128,202],"Boolean":[114],"when":[116],"taking":[117],"into":[123,200],"account.":[124],"We":[125,148,206],"demonstrate":[126,207],"can":[130],"theory":[132,238],"always":[133],"performed":[135,171],"by":[136,213],"just":[137],"using":[138],"two":[139,152,220],"without":[144],"requiring":[145],"randomness.":[147],"first":[149],"show":[150],"are":[155,169],"enough":[156],"mask":[158],"linear":[159],"transformations":[160,168],"then":[162],"discuss":[163,234],"prerequisites":[164],"under":[165],"which":[166,186],"nonlinear":[167],"securely":[170],"likewise.":[172],"Subsequently,":[173],"introduce":[175],"a":[176,201],"new":[177],"masked":[178,204],"AND":[179],"gate":[180],"fulfills":[182],"forms":[187],"basis":[189],"our":[191],"synthesis":[192],"tool":[193],"automatically":[195],"transforms":[196],"unmasked":[198],"secure":[203],"implementation.":[205],"feasibility":[209],"approach":[212],"implementing":[214],"AES":[215],"software":[217],"randomness,":[223],"including":[224],"masking.":[227],"Finally,":[228],"use":[230],"gap":[236],"practice":[240],"need":[243],"more":[245],"accurate":[246],"adversary":[247],"models.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}
