{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972055259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3337722.3337723","title":"Automatic generation of tower defense levels using PCG","display_name":"Automatic generation of tower defense levels using PCG","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972055259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3337722.3337723","mag":"2972055259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3337722.3337723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3337722.3337723","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3337722.3337723","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3337722.3337723","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050301806","display_name":"Simon Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1182-5492"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030416390","display_name":"Li Chaoran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Chaoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387824","display_name":"Yue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-0478"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452340","display_name":"Heng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1401-7677"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ma Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032850107","display_name":"Xiao Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shen Yiming","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen Yiming","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036674344","display_name":"Wang Licong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Licong","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664181","display_name":"Ze Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8518-140X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Ze","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007753843","display_name":"Guo Xianghao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo Xianghao","raw_affiliation_strings":["LevelupAI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LevelupAI","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015242504","display_name":"Hengtong Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-1614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Hengtong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101218321","display_name":"Du Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Du Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020372049","display_name":"Tang Qinting","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang Qinting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050301806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4335,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72172161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7680736780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tower","display_name":"Tower","score":0.6612797379493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.6121801733970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design","display_name":"Game design","score":0.6113194227218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6008915901184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5484115481376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5143569707870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game-development","display_name":"Video game development","score":0.464335560798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-developer","display_name":"Game Developer","score":0.46348339319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-art-design","display_name":"Game art design","score":0.43432819843292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4151204228401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-design","display_name":"Level design","score":0.4150037169456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14490962028503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12876030802726746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7680736780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.6612797379493713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.6121801733970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.6113194227218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6008915901184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5484115481376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5143569707870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54276265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061635","display_name":"Video game development","level":3,"score":0.464335560798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41826821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844005","display_name":"Game Developer","level":3,"score":0.46348339319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80646779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5519919","display_name":"Game art design","level":4,"score":0.43432819843292236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4151204228401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146508145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046315","display_name":"Level design","level":3,"score":0.4150037169456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14490962028503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12876030802726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3337722.3337723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3337722.3337723","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3337722.3337723","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3337722.3337723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3337722.3337723","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3337722.3337723","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972055259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972055259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1923121574","https://openalex.org/W2069409996","https://openalex.org/W2108806781","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2586544230","https://openalex.org/W2792919371","https://openalex.org/W2891635877","https://openalex.org/W2892327512","https://openalex.org/W2901293537","https://openalex.org/W2950669295","https://openalex.org/W2964201809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491613725","https://openalex.org/W2885055606","https://openalex.org/W4381616580","https://openalex.org/W4281288017","https://openalex.org/W3197701866","https://openalex.org/W1085458746","https://openalex.org/W2991043318","https://openalex.org/W869276463","https://openalex.org/W4294947912","https://openalex.org/W4311459595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tower":[0],"defense":[1,57,134],"is":[2,118,126],"a":[3,37,102,108,127,150],"popular":[4,55,128],"subgenre":[5],"of":[6,53,81,139,142],"real-time":[7],"strategy":[8],"game":[9,58,130],"requiring":[10],"detailed":[11],"level":[12,24],"design":[13],"and":[14,26,31,35,68,92,136,146],"difficulty":[15],"balancing":[16],"to":[17,39,95,113],"create":[18,74,96],"an":[19],"enjoyable":[20],"player":[21],"experience.":[22],"Because":[23],"production":[25],"testing":[27,106],"are":[28],"both":[29],"time-consuming":[30],"labor-intensive,":[32],"we":[33],"propose":[34],"implement":[36],"framework":[38],"automate":[40],"the":[41,46,54,79,82,115,132,140],"process.":[42],"We":[43,71,99,120],"first":[44],"analyze":[45],"three":[47],"main":[48],"components,":[49],"or":[50],"\"building":[51],"blocks\",":[52],"tower":[56,66,133],"Kingdom":[59],"Rush:":[60],"Frontiers":[61],"(KRF),":[62],"i.e.":[63],"road":[64],"maps,":[65],"locations":[67],"monster":[69],"sequences.":[70],"then":[72],"automatically":[73],"new":[75,97],"building":[76],"blocks":[77],"in":[78,131],"style":[80],"original":[83],"game,":[84],"utilizing":[85],"techniques":[86],"from":[87],"Procedural":[88],"Content":[89],"Generation":[90],"(PCG),":[91],"assemble":[93],"them":[94],"levels.":[98],"also":[100],"add":[101],"fourth":[103],"block:":[104],"automated":[105],"via":[107],"Monte":[109],"Carlo":[110],"search":[111],"algorithm,":[112],"ensure":[114],"generated":[116],"content":[117],"playable.":[119],"focus":[121],"on":[122],"KRF":[123],"because":[124],"it":[125],"video":[129,152],"genre,":[135],"highlights":[137],"some":[138],"challenges":[141],"designing":[143],"appropriate":[144],"PCG":[145],"playtesting":[147],"algorithms":[148],"for":[149],"commercial":[151],"game.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
