{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120510885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335772.3335936","title":"The Byzantine generals problem","display_name":"The Byzantine generals problem","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120510885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335772.3335936","mag":"2120510885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3335772.3335936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335772.3335936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462870","display_name":"Association for Computing Machinery eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency: the Works of Leslie Lamport","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"SRI International","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SRI International","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI, International;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI, International;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040623453","display_name":"Leslie Lamport","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie Lamport","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International","SRI, International;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI, International;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081664009","display_name":"Robert E. Shostak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Shostak","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International","SRI, International;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI, International;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"SRI International","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SRI International","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113571597","display_name":"Marshall C. Pease","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshall Pease","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"SRI International","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SRI International","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":80.4688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1038,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99959441,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.766503095626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concurrency","display_name":"Concurrency","score":0.6689520478248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-architecture","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","score":0.6237560510635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45603761076927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.35806170105934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33921384811401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.27102160453796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-history","display_name":"Ancient history","score":0.22810059785842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10278797149658203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.766503095626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.6689520478248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104562893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47591","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","level":2,"score":0.6237560510635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45603761076927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.35806170105934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33921384811401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.27102160453796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.22810059785842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10278797149658203}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3335772.3335936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335772.3335936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462870","display_name":"Association for Computing Machinery eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency: the Works of Leslie Lamport","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.12.1697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.12.1697","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~bart/739/papers/byzantine.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.126.9525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.126.9525","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dga/15-712/F07/papers/lamport82.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.64.2312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.64.2312","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://research.microsoft.com/users/lamport/pubs/weak-byz.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W2014772227","https://openalex.org/W2126924915","https://openalex.org/W2156186849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W635625959","https://openalex.org/W1548189724","https://openalex.org/W4242769984","https://openalex.org/W2034320198","https://openalex.org/W1985305288","https://openalex.org/W4252331942","https://openalex.org/W4386477301","https://openalex.org/W4220997590","https://openalex.org/W2763042189","https://openalex.org/W2002589180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,37],"Byzantine":[2,60],"Generals":[3,61],"Problem":[4],"requires":[5],"processes":[6,76],"to":[7,26],"reach":[8],"agreement":[9],"upon":[10,28],"a":[11,34,42,46],"value":[12,32],"even":[13],"though":[14],"some":[15],"of":[16,49,74],"them":[17,25],"may":[18,77],"fad.":[19,78],"It":[20,53],"is":[21,54],"weakened":[22],"by":[23],"allowing":[24],"agree":[27],"an":[29,83],""incorrect":[30],""":[31],"if":[33],"failure":[35],"occurs.":[36],"transaction":[38],"eormmt":[39],"problem":[40],"for":[41],"distributed":[43],"database":[44],"Js":[45],"special":[47],"case":[48],"the":[50,58,63,75,80],"weaker":[51],"problem.":[52],"shown":[55],"that,":[56],"like":[57],"original":[59],"Problem,":[62],"weak":[64],"version":[65],"can":[66,88],"be":[67],"solved":[68],"only":[69],"ff":[70],"fewer":[71],"than":[72],"one-third":[73],"Unlike":[79],"onginal":[81],"problem,":[82],"approximate":[84],"solution":[85],"exists":[86],"that":[87],"tolerate":[89],"arbaranly":[90],"many":[91],"failures.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}