{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962130478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335203.3335733","title":"Reference Channels for Steganalysis of Images with Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Reference Channels for Steganalysis of Images with Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962130478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335203.3335733","mag":"2962130478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3335203.3335733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335203.3335733","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3335203.3335733","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3335203.3335733","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387244","display_name":"Mo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-3665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075476512","display_name":"Mehdi Boroumand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-0671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Boroumand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081020569","display_name":"Jessica Fridrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6516-628X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Fridrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4068,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6505897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"188","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.9558137655258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.8928028345108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7638706564903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.7250159382820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7111347913742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.6500022411346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6287491917610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disjoint-sets","display_name":"Disjoint sets","score":0.5468135476112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5386187434196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5254798531532288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5200514197349548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3432619571685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.226054847240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18560591340065002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.9558137655258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.8928028345108032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7638706564903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7250159382820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7111347913742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.6500022411346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6287491917610168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45340560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215382","display_name":"Disjoint sets","level":2,"score":0.5468135476112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5386187434196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5254798531532288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5200514197349548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3432619571685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.226054847240448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18560591340065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3335203.3335733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335203.3335733","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3335203.3335733","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3335203.3335733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335203.3335733","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3335203.3335733","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1008396666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1561446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962130478.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962130478.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10162706","https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W29803638","https://openalex.org/W1535533774","https://openalex.org/W1565541031","https://openalex.org/W1806317803","https://openalex.org/W1969171557","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2015958747","https://openalex.org/W2037956730","https://openalex.org/W2040953223","https://openalex.org/W2041287153","https://openalex.org/W2046180645","https://openalex.org/W2047170411","https://openalex.org/W2055625960","https://openalex.org/W2060930510","https://openalex.org/W2068740952","https://openalex.org/W2071451750","https://openalex.org/W2082808011","https://openalex.org/W2089860099","https://openalex.org/W2091691638","https://openalex.org/W2161022751","https://openalex.org/W2322622188","https://openalex.org/W2533733328","https://openalex.org/W2539782905","https://openalex.org/W2545848843","https://openalex.org/W2565257220","https://openalex.org/W2610979719","https://openalex.org/W2621048556","https://openalex.org/W2735904389","https://openalex.org/W2736148246","https://openalex.org/W2791370475","https://openalex.org/W2794042549","https://openalex.org/W2892948265","https://openalex.org/W2913153438","https://openalex.org/W2913337807","https://openalex.org/W2963957509","https://openalex.org/W6600410053","https://openalex.org/W6635090181","https://openalex.org/W6638363521","https://openalex.org/W6665798818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148973528","https://openalex.org/W2939392096","https://openalex.org/W4243922849","https://openalex.org/W2106726851","https://openalex.org/W4309385482","https://openalex.org/W2068740952","https://openalex.org/W1529294424","https://openalex.org/W2160587766","https://openalex.org/W2241212938","https://openalex.org/W2357125417"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"available,":[1],"reference":[2,13,59,86],"signals":[3,14,60,87],"may":[4],"dramatically":[5],"improve":[6,78],"the":[7,21,31,93,113],"accuracy":[8],"of":[9,30,65,85,112],"steganalysis.":[10],"Particularly":[11],"powerful":[12],"are":[15],"embedding":[16,42,66],"invariants":[17],"that":[18],"exist":[19],"when":[20],"steganographic":[22],"algorithm":[23],"swaps":[24],"values":[25],"from":[26],"small":[27],"disjoint":[28],"subsets":[29],"cover":[32],"elements'":[33],"dynamic":[34],"range,":[35],"such":[36,58],"as,":[37],"but":[38],"not":[39],"limited":[40],"to,":[41],"schemes":[43],"utilizing":[44],"least":[45],"significant":[46],"bit":[47],"replacement.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"describes":[51],"a":[52,62,103],"general":[53],"method":[54],"how":[55],"to":[56,77],"prepare":[57],"for":[61],"certain":[63],"type":[64],"operations,":[67],"and":[68,95,102,108],"incorporate":[69],"them":[70],"in":[71,91],"detectors":[72],"built":[73],"as":[74],"convolutional":[75],"networks":[76],"their":[79],"detection":[80],"accuracy.":[81],"The":[82],"beneficial":[83],"effect":[84],"is":[88],"shown":[89],"experimentally":[90],"both":[92],"spatial":[94],"especially":[96],"JPEG":[97],"domain,":[98],"on":[99],"model-based":[100],"steganography":[101],"generic":[104],"LSB":[105],"flipper":[106],"with":[107],"without":[109],"stochastic":[110],"restoration":[111],"histogram":[114],"(OutGuess).":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
