{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2935885634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3331184.3331296","title":"An Axiomatic Approach to Regularizing Neural Ranking Models","display_name":"An Axiomatic Approach to Regularizing Neural Ranking Models","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2935885634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3331184.3331296","mag":"2935885634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3331184.3331296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3331184.3331296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06808","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026219235","display_name":"Corby Rosset","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108985","display_name":"Bellevue Hospital Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01ky34z31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283621791","https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Corby Rosset","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048533217","display_name":"Bhaskar Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-5550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153468","display_name":"Microsoft (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xhxg104","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Montreal, PQ, Canada","Microsoft, Montr\u00e9al, PQ, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Montreal, PQ, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Montr\u00e9al, PQ, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102363883","display_name":"Chenyan Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyan Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA","Microsoft, Redmond WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055132321","display_name":"Nick Craswell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9351-8137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108985","display_name":"Bellevue Hospital Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01ky34z31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283621791","https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Craswell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xia Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108985","display_name":"Bellevue Hospital Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01ky34z31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283621791","https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030018356","display_name":"Saurabh Tiwary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108985","display_name":"Bellevue Hospital Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01ky34z31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283621791","https://openalex.org/I4210086933","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurabh Tiwary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Bellevue, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026219235"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210108985"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.289,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65090494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"981","last_page":"984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.8642969131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiomatic-system","display_name":"Axiomatic system","score":0.7537894248962402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6864933967590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.6435822248458862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6041608452796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5942185521125793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5864074230194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5614153146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5437799692153931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5339668393135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4670172333717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.46448856592178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4224715828895569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3412439227104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3372691869735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.320195734500885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.8642969131469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125773388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q792542","display_name":"Axiomatic system","level":3,"score":0.7537894248962402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6864933967590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6435822248458862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6041608452796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5942185521125793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5864074230194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5614153146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5437799692153931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5339668393135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4670172333717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.46448856592178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4224715828895569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3412439227104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3372691869735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.320195734500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3331184.3331296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3331184.3331296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.06808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06808","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.06808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.06808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2935885634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.06808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06808","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.06808","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2935885634.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2935885634.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7333970","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1598867694","https://openalex.org/W1973098080","https://openalex.org/W1973435495","https://openalex.org/W2005545412","https://openalex.org/W2024932032","https://openalex.org/W2082359527","https://openalex.org/W2107598941","https://openalex.org/W2121593025","https://openalex.org/W2134557008","https://openalex.org/W2149427297","https://openalex.org/W2152784831","https://openalex.org/W2162432120","https://openalex.org/W2162697159","https://openalex.org/W2539671052","https://openalex.org/W2610935556","https://openalex.org/W2725049817","https://openalex.org/W2768459074","https://openalex.org/W2775795276","https://openalex.org/W2783640434","https://openalex.org/W2909544278","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W2963019788","https://openalex.org/W2988119488","https://openalex.org/W3098341425","https://openalex.org/W3212575067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952121399","https://openalex.org/W2952237318","https://openalex.org/W3114213323","https://openalex.org/W3023128530","https://openalex.org/W1807549157","https://openalex.org/W3000569652","https://openalex.org/W179852215","https://openalex.org/W3105997200","https://openalex.org/W2751825796","https://openalex.org/W2191710671","https://openalex.org/W2946475740","https://openalex.org/W3110333142","https://openalex.org/W3128185018","https://openalex.org/W2953096735","https://openalex.org/W1872312298","https://openalex.org/W3200863653","https://openalex.org/W2396730968","https://openalex.org/W2460519968","https://openalex.org/W3016753571","https://openalex.org/W2912416780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Axiomatic":[0],"information":[1],"retrieval":[2],"(IR)":[3],"seeks":[4],"a":[5,43,118],"set":[6],"of":[7,39,53,85,111,135],"principle":[8],"properties":[9,15],"desirable":[10],"in":[11,21,71,105],"IR":[12,66,86],"models.":[13,100],"These":[14],"when":[16],"formally":[17],"expressed":[18],"provide":[19],"guidance":[20],"the":[22,61,83,90,103,109,123,126,130,136,140,148],"search":[23,44,62],"for":[24,45,63,75,96],"better":[25,64,72,156],"relevance":[26],"estimation":[27,74],"functions.":[28],"Neural":[29],"ranking":[30,99,127,150],"models":[31,41,67],"typically":[32],"contain":[33],"many":[34],"learnable":[35],"parameters.":[36],"The":[37],"training":[38,97,115],"these":[40],"involves":[42],"appropriate":[46],"parameter":[47,73],"values":[48],"based":[49,78,121],"on":[50,122,132],"large":[51],"quantities":[52],"labeled":[54,94],"examples.":[55],"Intuitively,":[56],"axioms":[57,87,113,131],"that":[58,147],"can":[59],"guide":[60],"traditional":[65],"should":[68],"also":[69],"help":[70],"machine":[76],"learning":[77],"rankers.":[79],"This":[80],"work":[81],"explores":[82],"use":[84],"to":[88],"augment":[89],"direct":[91],"supervision":[92],"from":[93],"data":[95],"neural":[98,149],"We":[101],"modify":[102],"documents":[104],"our":[106],"dataset":[107],"along":[108],"lines":[110],"well-known":[112],"during":[114],"and":[116,129,155],"add":[117],"regularization":[119],"loss":[120],"agreement":[124],"between":[125],"model":[128,151],"which":[133],"version":[134],"document---the":[137],"original":[138],"or":[139],"perturbed---should":[141],"be":[142],"preferred.":[143],"Our":[144],"experiments":[145],"show":[146],"achieves":[152],"faster":[153],"convergence":[154],"generalization":[157],"with":[158],"axiomatic":[159],"regularization.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}