{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964954857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333648","title":"Pilot Study to Estimate \"Difficult\" Area in e-Learning Material by Physiological Measurements","display_name":"Pilot Study to Estimate \"Difficult\" Area in e-Learning Material by Physiological Measurements","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964954857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333648","mag":"2964954857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3330430.3333648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333648","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Sixth (2019) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006935753","display_name":"Kaori Tamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-2247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaori Tamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061977357","display_name":"Tsuyoshi Okamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-1992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsuyoshi Okamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018458771","display_name":"Misato Oi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-6057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misato Oi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046057343","display_name":"Atsushi Shimada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-9336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atsushi Shimada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018051479","display_name":"Kohei Hatano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-1269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kohei Hatano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037036505","display_name":"Masanori Yamada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6493-8554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masanori Yamada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013361746","display_name":"Min Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7503-1301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071736649","display_name":"Shin\u2019ichi Konomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-2152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin'ichi Konomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006935753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49689609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9302999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7210173010826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7164172530174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6614636182785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4947027862071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.44857725501060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4357920289039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40668293833732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2099212408065796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7210173010826111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7164172530174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6614636182785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4947027862071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.44857725501060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4357920289039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40668293833732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2099212408065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3330430.3333648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333648","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Sixth (2019) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","display_name":"JST-Mirai Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885777359","https://openalex.org/W2001922067","https://openalex.org/W2092916816","https://openalex.org/W2111591759","https://openalex.org/W2128495200","https://openalex.org/W2164161677","https://openalex.org/W2554094562","https://openalex.org/W2594780739","https://openalex.org/W2810989163","https://openalex.org/W2923742357","https://openalex.org/W6760590573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W4399144619","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1,143],"designs":[2],"of":[3,34,53,73,92,105,115],"e-learning":[4,144],"materials,":[5],"it":[6],"is":[7,132],"necessary":[8],"to":[9,38,45,82,112,138,142],"know":[10],"which":[11,40],"word":[12],"or":[13],"figure":[14],"a":[15,80,85,90,140],"learner":[16,86],"felt":[17,87],"\"difficult\"":[18,88],"in":[19,69,89],"the":[20,102],"materials.":[21,94,117],"In":[22],"this":[23,62],"pilot":[24],"study,":[25,120],"we":[26,64,98],"measured":[27],"electroencephalography":[28],"(EEG)":[29],"and":[30,36,56,76,107,127],"eye":[31,74,108],"gaze":[32,75,109],"data":[33,55,122],"learners":[35,128],"analyzed":[37],"estimate":[39],"area":[41],"they":[42],"had":[43],"difficulty":[44],"learn.":[46],"The":[47],"developed":[48],"system":[49],"realized":[50],"simultaneous":[51],"measurements":[52,78,104],"physiological":[54],"subjective":[57],"evaluations":[58],"during":[59],"learning.":[60],"Using":[61],"system,":[63],"observed":[65],"specific":[66],"EEG":[67,77,106],"activity":[68],"difficult":[70],"pages.":[71],"Integrating":[72],"raised":[79],"possibility":[81],"determine":[83],"where":[84],"page":[91],"learning":[93,116],"From":[95],"these":[96],"results,":[97],"could":[99,136],"suggest":[100],"that":[101],"multimodal":[103],"would":[110],"lead":[111,137],"effective":[113],"improvement":[114],"For":[118],"future":[119],"more":[121],"collection":[123],"using":[124],"various":[125],"materials":[126,145],"with":[129],"different":[130],"backgrounds":[131],"necessary.":[133],"This":[134],"study":[135],"establishing":[139],"method":[141],"based":[146],"on":[147],"learners'":[148],"mental":[149],"states.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}