{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006663902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416629","title":"Legion","display_name":"Legion","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006663902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416629","mag":"3006663902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416629","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416629","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047563854","display_name":"Dongge Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-7033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongge Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049068584","display_name":"Gidon Ernst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-5764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gidon Ernst","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043210393","display_name":"Toby Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toby Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078824132","display_name":"Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047563854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2042,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91388565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"54","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.9775761961936951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8060146570205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-tree-search","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","score":0.659500241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.49705007672309875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4667504131793976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.426987886428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4254075586795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4217590391635895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.41802138090133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3889758884906769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.18451324105262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1548173725605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09652885794639587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.9775761961936951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8060146570205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46149586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11785332","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","level":3,"score":0.659500241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.49705007672309875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4667504131793976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.426987886428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4254075586795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4217590391635895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.41802138090133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3889758884906769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.18451324105262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1548173725605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09652885794639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416629","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416629","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.06311","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06311","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.06311","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416629","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416629","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335334","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006663902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006663902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116656696","https://openalex.org/W157156687","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1628056908","https://openalex.org/W1710734607","https://openalex.org/W1838696785","https://openalex.org/W1878544538","https://openalex.org/W2042033151","https://openalex.org/W2096449544","https://openalex.org/W2101512909","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2156858199","https://openalex.org/W2165779045","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2492810892","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W2535617737","https://openalex.org/W2574017551","https://openalex.org/W2583649498","https://openalex.org/W2765527199","https://openalex.org/W2766540688","https://openalex.org/W2777430404","https://openalex.org/W2794670092","https://openalex.org/W2794800068","https://openalex.org/W2795192879","https://openalex.org/W2795283266","https://openalex.org/W2800510998","https://openalex.org/W2888875512","https://openalex.org/W2928427891","https://openalex.org/W2935191403","https://openalex.org/W2947265301","https://openalex.org/W2949986519","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2964097210","https://openalex.org/W3017296320","https://openalex.org/W3018258206","https://openalex.org/W3018608765","https://openalex.org/W3019825255","https://openalex.org/W3020243509","https://openalex.org/W3160978791","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W4298112463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2511770387","https://openalex.org/W3120811337","https://openalex.org/W3203597304","https://openalex.org/W4385301282","https://openalex.org/W2990186179","https://openalex.org/W4248424560","https://openalex.org/W3023977444","https://openalex.org/W2515553645","https://openalex.org/W4391039293","https://openalex.org/W2547155723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concolic":[0],"execution":[1],"and":[2,28,114],"fuzzing":[3,91,97],"are":[4],"two":[5],"complementary":[6],"coveragebased":[7],"testing":[8],"techniques.":[9],"How":[10],"to":[11,44,65,72,99,145],"achieve":[12],"the":[13,33,41,67,109,133],"best":[14],"of":[15,52,89,136,154],"both":[16],"remains":[17],"an":[18],"open":[19],"challenge.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"this":[23],"research":[24],"problem,":[25],"we":[26,93],"propose":[27],"evaluate":[29,125],"Legion.":[30],"Legion":[31,85,126],"re-engineers":[32],"Monte":[34,110],"Carlo":[35,111],"tree":[36],"search":[37,59,76],"(MCTS)":[38],"framework":[39],"from":[40,82,132],"AI":[42],"literature":[43],"treat":[45],"automated":[46],"test":[47],"generation":[48],"as":[49,108,139,141],"a":[50,62,87,151],"problem":[51],"sequential":[53],"decision-making":[54],"under":[55],"uncertainty.":[56],"Its":[57],"best-first":[58],"strategy":[60],"provides":[61],"principled":[63],"way":[64],"learn":[66],"most":[68],"promising":[69],"program":[70,101],"states":[71,102],"investigate":[73,100],"at":[74],"each":[75],"iteration,":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79,121,129,150],"observed":[80],"rewards":[81],"previous":[83],"iterations.":[84],"incorporates":[86],"form":[88],"directed":[90],"that":[92],"call":[94],"approximate":[95],"path-preserving":[96],"(APPFuzzing)":[98],"selected":[103],"by":[104,117],"MCTS.":[105],"APPFuzzing":[106],"serves":[107],"simulation":[112],"technique":[113],"is":[115],"implemented":[116],"extending":[118],"prior":[119],"work":[120],"constrained":[122],"sampling.":[123],"We":[124],"against":[127],"competitors":[128],"2531":[130],"benchmarks":[131],"coverage":[134],"category":[135],"Test-Comp":[137],"2020,":[138],"well":[140],"measuring":[142],"its":[143,148],"sensitivity":[144],"hyperparameters,":[146],"demonstrating":[147],"effectiveness":[149],"wide":[152],"variety":[153],"input":[155],"programs.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T05:58:53.018234","created_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00"}