{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125205424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416609","title":"Cats are not fish","display_name":"Cats are not fish","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125205424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416609","mag":"3125205424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416609","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416609","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416609","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036832270","display_name":"David Berend","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-5234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Berend","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468661","display_name":"Lei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102186591","display_name":"Lingjun Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingjun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328775524","display_name":"Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/03893we55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University and Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University and Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328775524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101581474","display_name":"Chi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8150-0132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091207","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00f44np30","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210091207","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091207"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065190767","display_name":"Jianjun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-4352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036832270"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96424923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1041","last_page":"1052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.767413854598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.630424976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5896092653274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5414777398109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5337091088294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5192320942878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.504991352558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4847659468650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.4747258424758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45796114206314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.45066818594932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.44608113169670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38927194476127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3865981101989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.31479310989379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2497941553592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13683927059173584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.767413854598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.630424976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5896092653274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5414777398109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5337091088294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5192320942878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.504991352558136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4847659468650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.4747258424758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45796114206314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45066818594932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.44608113169670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38927194476127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3865981101989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.31479310989379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2497941553592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13683927059173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416609","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416609","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-8079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/7076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416609","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416609","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3324884.3416609","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2640896872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRFI06-2020-0022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3070199737","display_name":"Automated Testing of Deep Learning Systems","funder_award_id":"19H04086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5996733573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20H04168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7758509000","display_name":"Differential Testing Techniques Towards Large-scale Deployment of Deep Learning Systems","funder_award_id":"19K24348","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8751952918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JST-Mirai Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","display_name":"JST-Mirai Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125205424.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125205424.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977766639","https://openalex.org/W2122457239","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2194321275","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2560321925","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2753704268","https://openalex.org/W2799640043","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2884426148","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2895363208","https://openalex.org/W2904981516","https://openalex.org/W2922015121","https://openalex.org/W2942400330","https://openalex.org/W2945456671","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963238274","https://openalex.org/W2963384319","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963913218","https://openalex.org/W2964122153","https://openalex.org/W2964882141","https://openalex.org/W2968940383","https://openalex.org/W2970946347","https://openalex.org/W2980402966","https://openalex.org/W2983041926","https://openalex.org/W2991140639","https://openalex.org/W2996156127","https://openalex.org/W2997293639","https://openalex.org/W3000315285","https://openalex.org/W3007157104","https://openalex.org/W3091388282","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3190752170","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081982437","https://openalex.org/W4394857231","https://openalex.org/W2027050655","https://openalex.org/W3028244590","https://openalex.org/W4254349500","https://openalex.org/W2014369232","https://openalex.org/W3122042562","https://openalex.org/W2050078012","https://openalex.org/W2212955619","https://openalex.org/W3124296310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Deep":[1],"Learning":[2],"(DL)":[3],"is":[4,38,120],"continuously":[5],"adopted":[6],"in":[7,67,87,236],"many":[8],"industrial":[9],"applications,":[10],"its":[11,32,74],"quality":[12,140],"and":[13,63,171,190,198,239],"reliability":[14],"start":[15],"to":[16,20,30,42,48,123,133,139,157,196,248],"raise":[17],"concerns.":[18],"Similar":[19],"the":[21,27,49,55,101,111,126,134,143,152,158,168,200,210,220],"traditional":[22],"software":[23,29,57],"development":[24],"process,":[25],"testing":[26,90,105,238],"DL":[28,56,93,104,135,205,213],"uncover":[31],"defects":[33],"at":[34],"an":[35,39],"early":[36],"stage":[37],"effective":[40],"way":[41],"reduce":[43],"risks":[44],"after":[45],"deployment.":[46],"According":[47],"fundamental":[50],"assumption":[51],"of":[52,73,99,113,142,160,181,202,222],"deep":[53,186],"learning,":[54],"does":[58],"not":[59,109],"provide":[60],"statistical":[61],"guarantee":[62],"has":[64,84],"limited":[65],"capability":[66],"handling":[68],"data":[69,116,194,233],"that":[70,147,231],"falls":[71],"outside":[72],"learned":[75],"distribution,":[76],"i.e.,":[77],"out-of-distribution":[78],"(OOD)":[79],"data.":[80],"Although":[81],"recent":[82],"progress":[83],"been":[85],"made":[86],"designing":[88],"novel":[89],"techniques":[91,106],"for":[92],"software,":[94],"which":[95],"can":[96],"detect":[97],"thousands":[98],"errors,":[100],"current":[102,153],"state-of-the-art":[103],"usually":[107],"do":[108],"take":[110,167],"distribution":[112,234,243],"generated":[114],"test":[115,193],"into":[117,216],"consideration.":[118],"It":[119],"therefore":[121],"hard":[122],"judge":[124],"whether":[125],"\"identified":[127],"errors\"":[128],"are":[129],"indeed":[130],"meaningful":[131],"errors":[132],"application":[136],"(i.e.,":[137,155],"due":[138,156],"issues":[141],"model)":[144],"or":[145],"outliers":[146],"cannot":[148],"be":[149],"handled":[150],"by":[151,218,246],"model":[154],"lack":[159],"training":[161],"data).":[162],"Tofill":[163],"this":[164],"gap,":[165],"we":[166],"first":[169],"step":[170],"conduct":[172],"a":[173,179],"large":[174],"scale":[175],"empirical":[176],"study,":[177],"with":[178,225],"total":[180],"451":[182],"experiment":[183],"configurations,":[184],"42":[185],"neural":[187],"networks":[188],"(DNNs)":[189],"1.2":[191],"million":[192],"instances,":[195],"investigate":[197],"characterize":[199],"impact":[201],"OOD-awareness":[203],"on":[204],"testing.":[206],"We":[207],"further":[208],"analyze":[209],"consequences":[211],"when":[212],"systems":[214],"go":[215],"production":[217],"evaluating":[219],"effectiveness":[221],"adversarial":[223],"retraining":[224,245],"distribution-aware":[226],"errors.":[227],"The":[228],"results":[229],"confirm":[230],"introducing":[232],"awareness":[235],"both":[237],"enhancement":[240],"phases":[241],"outperforms":[242],"unaware":[244],"up":[247],"21.5%.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
