{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125675786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416541","title":"CCGraph","display_name":"CCGraph","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125675786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416541","mag":"3125675786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075080653","display_name":"Zou Yue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001018723","display_name":"Bihuan Ban","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bihuan Ban","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083669929","display_name":"Yinxing Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-7151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinxing Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105471307","display_name":"Yun Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075080653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4915,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97347544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"931","last_page":"942"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7757546901702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-graph","display_name":"Dependency graph","score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5352993607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.530808687210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-isomorphism","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","score":0.4984407424926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.47756773233413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgraph-isomorphism-problem","display_name":"Subgraph isomorphism problem","score":0.4775317907333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.45844340324401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.45435962080955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.444845974445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.4425416886806488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-kernel","display_name":"Graph kernel","score":0.4349799156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.42797213792800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.4209868311882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3242231011390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.1778164803981781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14156010746955872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.1345999538898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.11773452162742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.11588719487190247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7757546901702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16311509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4148050","display_name":"Dependency graph","level":3,"score":0.6341999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5352993607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.530808687210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61665672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303100","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","level":4,"score":0.4984407424926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.47756773233413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131992880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528185","display_name":"Subgraph isomorphism problem","level":3,"score":0.4775317907333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.45844340324401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.45435962080955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.444845974445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.4425416886806488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100595998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11731931","display_name":"Graph kernel","level":5,"score":0.4349799156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.42797213792800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.4209868311882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3242231011390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.1778164803981781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14156010746955872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.1345999538898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.11773452162742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.11588719487190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195699287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915722","display_name":"Variable kernel density estimation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3324884.3416541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52033066","https://openalex.org/W1490878083","https://openalex.org/W1567790484","https://openalex.org/W1580611036","https://openalex.org/W1593203335","https://openalex.org/W1646278814","https://openalex.org/W1660390307","https://openalex.org/W1885561873","https://openalex.org/W1976466396","https://openalex.org/W1990090830","https://openalex.org/W2013638584","https://openalex.org/W2041190309","https://openalex.org/W2066688923","https://openalex.org/W2090212679","https://openalex.org/W2096491586","https://openalex.org/W2107697055","https://openalex.org/W2109943392","https://openalex.org/W2118024368","https://openalex.org/W2120322286","https://openalex.org/W2120326119","https://openalex.org/W2125260159","https://openalex.org/W2128782367","https://openalex.org/W2128888088","https://openalex.org/W2132944054","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2142498761","https://openalex.org/W2142608175","https://openalex.org/W2148043549","https://openalex.org/W2151951885","https://openalex.org/W2157532207","https://openalex.org/W2158439356","https://openalex.org/W2162436321","https://openalex.org/W2171368158","https://openalex.org/W2286236884","https://openalex.org/W2292697326","https://openalex.org/W2511803001","https://openalex.org/W2578208870","https://openalex.org/W2741705590","https://openalex.org/W2793422535","https://openalex.org/W2794304550","https://openalex.org/W2794744252","https://openalex.org/W2807866521","https://openalex.org/W2899171197","https://openalex.org/W2903163273","https://openalex.org/W2954552517","https://openalex.org/W3105535951","https://openalex.org/W3147107715","https://openalex.org/W4210896998","https://openalex.org/W4232553506","https://openalex.org/W6606780968","https://openalex.org/W6757460852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482551403","https://openalex.org/W84561889","https://openalex.org/W2954463587","https://openalex.org/W2018568077","https://openalex.org/W2393701947","https://openalex.org/W2915540008","https://openalex.org/W1887488684","https://openalex.org/W1965191464","https://openalex.org/W167435155","https://openalex.org/W2128390795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"clone":[1,98],"detection":[2],"is":[3,9,175],"an":[4,133],"active":[5],"research":[6],"area,":[7],"which":[8],"very":[10],"important":[11],"for":[12],"software":[13],"maintenance,":[14],"bug":[15],"detection,":[16],"etc.":[17,48],"The":[18,49],"two":[19,169],"pieces":[20],"of":[21,34,42,54,110,123],"cloned":[22],"code":[23,36,43,56,79,97,129],"reflect":[24],"some":[25],"similarities":[26],"or":[27,32],"equivalents":[28],"in":[29],"the":[30,35,108,120,128,140,180],"syntax":[31],"structure":[33,109],"representations.":[37],"There":[38],"are":[39,69],"many":[40,74],"representations":[41],"like":[44],"AST,":[45],"token,":[46],"PDG,":[47],"PDG":[50],"(Program":[51],"Dependency":[52],"Graph)":[53],"source":[55],"can":[57],"contain":[58],"both":[59,156],"syntactic":[60],"and":[61,72,112,159,162],"structural":[62],"information.":[63],"However,":[64],"most":[65],"existing":[66,181],"PDG-based":[67,96,182],"tools":[68],"quite":[70],"time-consuming":[71],"miss":[73],"clones":[75,80,130,166],"because":[76],"they":[77],"detect":[78,127],"with":[81],"exact":[82],"graph":[83,103,135,144],"matching":[84,136],"by":[85,118,131],"using":[86,132],"subgraph":[87],"isomorphism.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,106,126],"propose":[93],"a":[94,114,152],"novel":[95],"detector,":[99],"CCGraph,":[100],"that":[101,149],"uses":[102],"kernels.":[104],"Firstly,":[105],"normalize":[107],"PDGs":[111],"design":[113],"two-stage":[115],"filtering":[116],"strategy":[117],"measuring":[119],"characteristic":[121],"vectors":[122],"codes.":[124],"Then":[125],"approximate":[134],"algorithm":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"reforming":[141],"WL":[142],"(Weisfeiler-Lehman)":[143],"kernel.":[145],"Experiment":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"CCGraph":[150,174],"retains":[151],"high":[153],"accuracy,":[154],"has":[155],"better":[157],"recall":[158],"F1-score":[160],"values,":[161],"detects":[163],"more":[164,177],"semantic":[165],"than":[167,179],"other":[168],"related":[170],"state-of-the-art":[171],"tools.":[172,183],"Besides,":[173],"much":[176],"efficient":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
