{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963594477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326723","title":"Semi-Supervised Methods for Explainable Legal Prediction","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Methods for Explainable Legal Prediction","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963594477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326723","mag":"2963594477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3322640.3326723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326723","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085914374","display_name":"L. Karl Branting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Branting","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067065970","display_name":"Brandy Weiss","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Weiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108808492","display_name":"B. Curtis Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056046778","display_name":"Craig Pfeifer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0635-4956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Pfeifer","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039165383","display_name":"Amartya Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-5740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035911302","display_name":"Lisa Ferro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1140-6913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ferro","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033623242","display_name":"Mark S. Pfaff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-4281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Pfaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110617080","display_name":"Alex Yeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085914374"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99435699,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"22","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7388556599617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6334428191184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.6195802688598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6042271852493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.525473952293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4875137507915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41643577814102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.402141273021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3693664073944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.32763049006462097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7388556599617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6334428191184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.6195802688598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6042271852493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.525473952293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4875137507915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41643577814102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.402141273021698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3693664073944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32763049006462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3322640.3326723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326723","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84461121","https://openalex.org/W103423960","https://openalex.org/W1524164055","https://openalex.org/W1532124972","https://openalex.org/W1972183277","https://openalex.org/W1995770214","https://openalex.org/W2025139391","https://openalex.org/W2032556714","https://openalex.org/W2037262533","https://openalex.org/W2039074475","https://openalex.org/W2048600620","https://openalex.org/W2050223480","https://openalex.org/W2072030458","https://openalex.org/W2072133687","https://openalex.org/W2096175520","https://openalex.org/W2121835362","https://openalex.org/W2137216461","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2327805699","https://openalex.org/W2345454377","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2483583529","https://openalex.org/W2536769020","https://openalex.org/W2540949022","https://openalex.org/W2592064971","https://openalex.org/W2783292710","https://openalex.org/W2896753958","https://openalex.org/W2907281874","https://openalex.org/W2952566282","https://openalex.org/W2962965405","https://openalex.org/W2963387630","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3122334902","https://openalex.org/W3146281353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997512100","https://openalex.org/W1892467659","https://openalex.org/W2331043530","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2393933887","https://openalex.org/W1529400504","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2389552174","https://openalex.org/W102127224","https://openalex.org/W2803268045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Legal":[0,119],"decision-support":[1],"systems":[2,21],"have":[3,134],"the":[4],"potential":[5],"to":[6,9,40,77,84,129,138],"improve":[7,97],"access":[8],"justice,":[10],"administrative":[11],"efficiency,":[12],"and":[13,32,58,74,123,141],"judicial":[14],"consistency,":[15],"but":[16,90],"broad":[17],"adoption":[18],"of":[19,26,44,53,61,87],"such":[20],"is":[22],"contingent":[23],"on":[24],"development":[25],"technologies":[27],"with":[28,106],"low":[29],"knowledge-engineering,":[30],"validation,":[31],"maintenance":[33],"costs.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"describes":[37],"two":[38],"approaches":[39],"an":[41,54,69,104],"important":[42],"form":[43],"legal":[45],"decision":[46,56,99],"support---explainable":[47],"outcome":[48],"prediction---that":[49],"obviate":[50],"both":[51,135],"annotation":[52],"entire":[55],"corpus":[57],"manual":[59],"processing":[60],"new":[62],"cases.":[63],"The":[64,110],"first":[65],"approach,":[66,112],"which":[67],"uses":[68],"Attention":[70],"Network":[71],"for":[72,118],"prediction":[73],"attention":[75],"weights":[76],"highlight":[78],"salient":[79],"case":[80,127,139],"text,":[81],"was":[82],"shown":[83],"be":[85],"capable":[86],"predicting":[88],"decisions,":[89],"attention-weight-based":[91],"text":[92],"highlighting":[93],"did":[94],"not":[95],"demonstrably":[96],"human":[98,108],"speed":[100],"or":[101],"accuracy":[102],"in":[103,126],"evaluation":[105],"61":[107],"subjects.":[109],"second":[111],"termed":[113],"SCALE":[114],"(Semi-supervised":[115],"Case":[116],"Annotation":[117],"Explanations),":[120],"exploits":[121],"structural":[122],"semantic":[124],"regularities":[125],"corpora":[128],"identify":[130],"textual":[131],"patterns":[132],"that":[133],"predictable":[136],"relationships":[137],"decisions":[140],"explanatory":[142],"value.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
