{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963524705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326705","title":"Why Machine Learning May Lead to Unfairness","display_name":"Why Machine Learning May Lead to Unfairness","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963524705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326705","mag":"2963524705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3322640.3326705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326705","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017647508","display_name":"Song\u00fcl Tolan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song\u00fcl Tolan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Research Centre, European Commission"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Research Centre, European Commission","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039915904","display_name":"Marius Miron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2563-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marius Miron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Research Centre, European Commission"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Research Centre, European Commission","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027977314","display_name":"Em\u00edlia G\u00f3mez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-3989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilia G\u00f3mez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084282503","display_name":"Carlos Castillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4544-0416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Castillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.8702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99503642,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"83","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9369800090789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recidivism","display_name":"Recidivism","score":0.884933352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6790120005607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6641198396682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6248711347579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.5454639792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4471747875213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3879552483558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2501492500305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14210951328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.07177546620368958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9369800090789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420643","display_name":"Recidivism","level":2,"score":0.884933352470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6790120005607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6641198396682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6248711347579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5454639792442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4471747875213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3879552483558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2501492500305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14210951328277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.07177546620368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3322640.3326705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326705","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332128","display_name":"Commercializations Promotion Agency for R and D Outcomes","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554829147","https://openalex.org/W1887369574","https://openalex.org/W1953577768","https://openalex.org/W1961953963","https://openalex.org/W1991486227","https://openalex.org/W2017515453","https://openalex.org/W2042385018","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2132914072","https://openalex.org/W2141305567","https://openalex.org/W2143029710","https://openalex.org/W2150412137","https://openalex.org/W2167100987","https://openalex.org/W2223226987","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2392403817","https://openalex.org/W2462893817","https://openalex.org/W2522104760","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2540757487","https://openalex.org/W2551317447","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2623520680","https://openalex.org/W2755871673","https://openalex.org/W2773946056","https://openalex.org/W2792934256","https://openalex.org/W2803923024","https://openalex.org/W2885659818","https://openalex.org/W2889989236","https://openalex.org/W2890416412","https://openalex.org/W2892657864","https://openalex.org/W2901481055","https://openalex.org/W2949804651","https://openalex.org/W2963917042","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W3122523118","https://openalex.org/W3123374861","https://openalex.org/W3172036780","https://openalex.org/W4289258088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385957992","https://openalex.org/W4229079080","https://openalex.org/W4206534706","https://openalex.org/W4385965371","https://openalex.org/W4386025632","https://openalex.org/W3006943036","https://openalex.org/W4200511449","https://openalex.org/W4299487748","https://openalex.org/W4362682030","https://openalex.org/W3100814071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,55],"this":[1,159],"paper":[2],"we":[3,17,32,103,154],"study":[4],"the":[5,22,60,64,70,112],"limitations":[6],"of":[7,35,57,62,83,89,124,158],"Machine":[8],"Learning":[9],"(ML)":[10],"algorithms":[11],"for":[12,80,164,181],"predicting":[13],"juvenile":[14],"recidivism.":[15],"Particularly,":[16],"are":[18,135,196],"interested":[19],"in":[20,38,53,100,108,188,199],"analyzing":[21],"trade-off":[23],"between":[24],"predictive":[25],"performance":[26],"and":[27,161],"fairness.":[28],"To":[29],"that":[30,105],"extent,":[31],"evaluate":[33],"fairness":[34,97],"ML":[36,65,92,113,148,168,183],"models":[37,66,114,149],"conjunction":[39],"with":[40,73,85,91,171],"SAVRY,":[41],"a":[42,49,172],"structured":[43],"professional":[44],"risk":[45,146,190],"assessment":[46],"framework,":[47],"on":[48,59],"novel":[50],"dataset":[51],"originated":[52],"Catalonia.":[54],"terms":[56],"accuracy":[58],"prediction":[61],"recidivism,":[63],"slightly":[67],"outperform":[68],"SAVRY;":[69],"results":[71],"improve":[72],"more":[74,77],"data":[75,174],"or":[76,122],"features":[78],"available":[79],"training":[81],"(AUCROC":[82],"0.64":[84],"SAVRY":[86,106],"vs.":[87],"AUCROC":[88],"0.71":[90],"models).":[93],"However,":[94],"across":[95],"three":[96],"metrics":[98],"used":[99,198],"other":[101],"studies,":[102],"find":[104],"is":[107],"general":[109],"fair,":[110],"while":[111],"tend":[115],"to":[116,140,186],"discriminate":[117],"against":[118],"male":[119],"defendants,":[120],"foreigners,":[121],"people":[123],"specific":[125],"national":[126],"groups.":[127],"For":[128],"instance,":[129],"foreigners":[130],"who":[131],"did":[132],"not":[133,197],"recidivate":[134],"almost":[136],"twice":[137],"as":[138,144],"likely":[139],"be":[141],"wrongly":[142],"classified":[143],"high":[145],"by":[147,166],"than":[150],"Spanish":[151],"nationals.":[152],"Finally,":[153],"discuss":[155],"potential":[156],"sources":[157],"unfairness":[160,187],"provide":[162,178],"explanations":[163],"them,":[165],"combining":[167],"interpretability":[169],"techniques":[170,184],"thorough":[173],"analysis.":[175],"Our":[176],"findings":[177],"an":[179],"explanation":[180],"why":[182],"lead":[185],"data-driven":[189],"assessment,":[191],"even":[192],"when":[193],"protected":[194],"attributes":[195],"training.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}