{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953777905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3321707.3321873","title":"Why train-and-select when you can use them all?","display_name":"Why train-and-select when you can use them all?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953777905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3321707.3321873","mag":"2953777905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3321707.3321873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3321707.3321873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020584477","display_name":"Jeongju Sohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-2996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeongju Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, Daejon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, Daejon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070401254","display_name":"Shin Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0836-6993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, Daejon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, Daejon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1408","last_page":"1416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.8676491379737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8237254619598389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7469425201416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.6685234308242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6243749856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.5865753293037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.576676070690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.5757874250411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5668654441833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5533846020698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4991633892059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighted-voting","display_name":"Weighted voting","score":0.477017879486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4644624590873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4547913670539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.44414493441581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.4434872269630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43852055072784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10735544562339783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.8676491379737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8237254619598389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7469425201416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6685234308242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6243749856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.5865753293037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.576676070690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.5757874250411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5668654441833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5533846020698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4991633892059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132778050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065430","display_name":"Weighted voting","level":4,"score":0.477017879486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4644624590873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4547913670539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.44414493441581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.4434872269630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43852055072784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10735544562339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3321707.3321873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3321707.3321873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G835212374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1C1B1011042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170186487","https://openalex.org/W1483317606","https://openalex.org/W1567190752","https://openalex.org/W1950030762","https://openalex.org/W1965335252","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1974160425","https://openalex.org/W1980015727","https://openalex.org/W1981388088","https://openalex.org/W1990785546","https://openalex.org/W1992862603","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2003695679","https://openalex.org/W2010833880","https://openalex.org/W2012007091","https://openalex.org/W2033644368","https://openalex.org/W2046241805","https://openalex.org/W2058230372","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2082274331","https://openalex.org/W2092582887","https://openalex.org/W2109042184","https://openalex.org/W2109825832","https://openalex.org/W2119136132","https://openalex.org/W2120563984","https://openalex.org/W2133482825","https://openalex.org/W2139608323","https://openalex.org/W2151223430","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2165965482","https://openalex.org/W2246070153","https://openalex.org/W2343875716","https://openalex.org/W2400628046","https://openalex.org/W2465098971","https://openalex.org/W2733797843","https://openalex.org/W2735706718","https://openalex.org/W2736091366","https://openalex.org/W3142652567","https://openalex.org/W4251988601","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6676279030","https://openalex.org/W6833780757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005642789","https://openalex.org/W4312560343","https://openalex.org/W2096510549","https://openalex.org/W1750746579","https://openalex.org/W3182625625","https://openalex.org/W2913388591","https://openalex.org/W4200327735","https://openalex.org/W2130574884","https://openalex.org/W2148034952","https://openalex.org/W4308627432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learn-to-rank":[0],"techniques":[1],"have":[2],"been":[3,26],"successfully":[4,27],"applied":[5],"to":[6,9,33,52,110,151,167,174],"fault":[7,40,102],"localisation":[8,103,115],"produce":[10,34],"ranking":[11,37,55,85,128,178],"models":[12,38,56,86,109],"that":[13,71,79,105],"place":[14,142],"faulty":[15],"program":[16,120],"elements":[17,121],"at":[18,146,189],"or":[19],"near":[20],"the":[21,43,59,64,72,76,82,112,147,152,158,169,190],"top.":[22],"Genetic":[23,164],"Programming":[24],"has":[25],"used":[28],"as":[29],"a":[30,100,123],"learning":[31],"mechanism":[32],"highly":[35],"effective":[36],"for":[39,63,94],"localisation.":[41],"However,":[42],"inherent":[44],"stochastic":[45],"nature":[46],"of":[47,75,84,114,127],"GP":[48],"forces":[49],"its":[50],"users":[51],"learn":[53],"multiple":[54],"and":[57],"choose":[58],"best":[60,153,170],"performing":[61,154,171],"one":[62],"actual":[65],"use.":[66],"This":[67],"train-and-select":[68,159],"approach":[69],"means":[70],"absolute":[73],"majority":[74],"computational":[77],"resources":[78],"go":[80],"into":[81],"evolution":[83],"are":[87],"eventually":[88],"wasted.":[89],"We":[90,130,161],"introduce":[91],"Ensemble":[92],"Model":[93],"Fault":[95],"Localisation":[96],"(EMF),":[97],"which":[98],"is":[99],"learn-to-rank":[101],"technique":[104],"utilises":[106],"all":[107,177],"trained":[108],"improve":[111],"accuracy":[113],"even":[116],"further.":[117],"EMF":[118,132,140],"ranks":[119],"using":[122,133,176],"lightweight,":[124],"voting-based":[125],"ensemble":[126],"models.":[129],"evaluate":[131],"389":[134],"real-world":[135],"faults":[136,145,188],"in":[137],"Defects4J":[138],"benchmark.":[139],"can":[141,183],"30.1%":[143],"more":[144,187],"top":[148,191],"when":[149],"compared":[150],"individual":[155],"model":[156],"from":[157],"approach.":[160],"also":[162],"apply":[163],"Algorithm":[165],"(GA)":[166],"construct":[168],"ensemble.":[172],"Compared":[173],"naively":[175],"models,":[179],"GA":[180],"generated":[181],"ensembles":[182],"localise":[184],"further":[185],"9.2%":[186],"on":[192],"average.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}