{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2986418087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363213","title":"Prism","display_name":"Prism","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2986418087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363213","mag":"2986418087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3363213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363213","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363213","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363213","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054600996","display_name":"Vivek Bagaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2141-9439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Bagaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100722219","display_name":"Sreeram Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8843-2964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeram Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington at Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington at Seattle, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024072566","display_name":"David Tse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-5900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Tse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076026636","display_name":"Giulia Fanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-2624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Fanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053980484","display_name":"Pramod Viswanath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-8667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod Viswanath","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054600996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.2202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":227,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99775258,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"585","last_page":"602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8676819801330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6363521814346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6288186311721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.6213104724884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.606109619140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5694608092308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5230394601821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5143743753433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.48683661222457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4810514748096466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47538912296295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.45568326115608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24502167105674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11969876289367676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8676819801330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6363521814346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6288186311721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.6213104724884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.606109619140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5694608092308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5230394601821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5143743753433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48683661222457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4810514748096466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47538912296295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.45568326115608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24502167105674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11969876289367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3363213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363213","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363213","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3363213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3363213","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3363213","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739869781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0939370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1856544841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1651236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6616120016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1705007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7236492628","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-18-1-0332-(73198-NS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998121839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986418087.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2986418087.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1819513546","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2103701891","https://openalex.org/W2281208003","https://openalex.org/W2295318496","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2563213633","https://openalex.org/W2568588571","https://openalex.org/W2584364557","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2752929869","https://openalex.org/W2769218926","https://openalex.org/W2774909858","https://openalex.org/W2794717484","https://openalex.org/W2799891711","https://openalex.org/W2885871288","https://openalex.org/W2890364458","https://openalex.org/W2897618640","https://openalex.org/W2907565696","https://openalex.org/W2915566890","https://openalex.org/W2952871880","https://openalex.org/W2963013577","https://openalex.org/W2963517786","https://openalex.org/W3029199802","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6638505603","https://openalex.org/W6664728519","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6756939813","https://openalex.org/W6764634304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297726362","https://openalex.org/W3016961585","https://openalex.org/W4362501973","https://openalex.org/W2981481350","https://openalex.org/W2903713624","https://openalex.org/W3155932073","https://openalex.org/W4377088940","https://openalex.org/W4387713327","https://openalex.org/W3055157380","https://openalex.org/W2728493501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"concept":[1],"of":[2,23,85,115,123],"a":[3,12,24,35,60],"blockchain":[4,25,63,131],"was":[5],"invented":[6],"by":[7,42],"Satoshi":[8],"Nakamoto":[9],"to":[10,17,72,81,95,120,142],"maintain":[11],"distributed":[13],"ledger.":[14],"In":[15,34,54],"addition":[16],"its":[18,28,133],"security,":[19],"important":[20],"performance":[21],"measures":[22,39],"protocol":[26,125],"are":[27,40],"transaction":[29],"throughput":[30,79],"and":[31,50,136],"confirmation":[32,89,101],"latency.":[33],"decentralized":[36],"setting,":[37],"these":[38,140],"limited":[41],"two":[43],"underlying":[44],"physical":[45,145],"network":[46],"attributes:":[47],"communication":[48],"capacity":[49,83],"speed-of-light":[51],"propagation":[52,97],"delay.":[53],"this":[55,124],"work":[56],"we":[57],"introduce":[58],"Prism,":[59],"new":[61],"proof-of-work":[62],"protocol,":[64],"which":[65],"can":[66],"achieve":[67],"1)":[68],"security":[69],"against":[70],"up":[71,80,139],"50%":[73],"adversarial":[74],"hashing":[75],"power;":[76],"2)":[77],"optimal":[78],"the":[82,86,96,107,121],"C":[84],"network;":[87],"3)":[88],"latency":[90],"for":[91],"honest":[92],"transactions":[93],"proportional":[94],"delay":[98],"D,":[99],"with":[100],"error":[102],"probability":[103],"exponentially":[104],"small":[105],"in":[106],"bandwidth-delay":[108],"product":[109],"CD;":[110],"4)":[111],"eventual":[112],"total":[113],"ordering":[114],"all":[116],"transactions.":[117],"Our":[118],"approach":[119,143],"design":[122],"is":[126],"based":[127],"on":[128],"deconstructing":[129],"Nakamoto's":[130],"into":[132],"basic":[134],"functionalities":[135,141],"systematically":[137],"scaling":[138],"their":[144],"limits.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}