{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976763854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354252","title":"ZombieLoad","display_name":"ZombieLoad","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976763854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354252","mag":"2976763854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3354252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354252","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3354252","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3354252","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070469078","display_name":"Michael Schwarz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6744-3410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schwarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056935116","display_name":"Moritz Lipp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Lipp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072406383","display_name":"Daniel Moghimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Moghimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072446627","display_name":"Jo Van Bulck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5953-9196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo Van Bulck","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec-DistriNet, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063315229","display_name":"Julian Stecklina","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Stecklina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberus Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberus Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051348245","display_name":"Thomas Prescher","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Prescher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberus Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberus Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066874310","display_name":"Daniel Gruss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-3246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Gruss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070469078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.1341,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":302,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99596947,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"753","last_page":"768"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8079090118408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-space","display_name":"User space","score":0.6942326426506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.6451692581176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6041763424873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.6004606485366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-file","display_name":"Register file","score":0.5763340592384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4850125014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.43949854373931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3744553327560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.11114883422851562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8079090118408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775877400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142183","display_name":"User space","level":2,"score":0.6942326426506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.6451692581176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6041763424873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.6004606485366821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117280010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180944","display_name":"Register file","level":3,"score":0.5763340592384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4850125014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.43949854373931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3744553327560425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.11114883422851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3354252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354252","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3354252","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3354252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354252","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3354252","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2491787769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1814406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3259117655","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Super-Human Cryptanalysis for Scalable Side-Channel Analysis","funder_award_id":"1814406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3949093982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"COMET","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323033","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5036817778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innov","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G523495190","display_name":"Securing Software against Physical Attacks","funder_award_id":"681402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633428685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovat","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8994745873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"COMET","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","funder_display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310430","display_name":"TU Graz, Internationale Beziehungen und Mobilit\u00e4tsprogramme","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321896","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/02d229b24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322308","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323033","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie","ror":"https://ror.org/04marky29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976763854.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2976763854.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16033842","https://openalex.org/W308513449","https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1447175589","https://openalex.org/W1494212869","https://openalex.org/W1555558540","https://openalex.org/W1589576271","https://openalex.org/W1797638094","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1957603197","https://openalex.org/W1976843824","https://openalex.org/W2037322308","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2150620897","https://openalex.org/W2298853050","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2416438596","https://openalex.org/W2519006453","https://openalex.org/W2529582363","https://openalex.org/W2532499458","https://openalex.org/W2559892799","https://openalex.org/W2594560662","https://openalex.org/W2604789199","https://openalex.org/W2612454599","https://openalex.org/W2664885055","https://openalex.org/W2726246108","https://openalex.org/W2727025244","https://openalex.org/W2753324901","https://openalex.org/W2769061097","https://openalex.org/W2775990858","https://openalex.org/W2788636062","https://openalex.org/W2791034507","https://openalex.org/W2792446256","https://openalex.org/W2805407300","https://openalex.org/W2809355808","https://openalex.org/W2868863044","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2884530475","https://openalex.org/W2888798936","https://openalex.org/W2889508486","https://openalex.org/W2890914193","https://openalex.org/W2903725623","https://openalex.org/W2920016180","https://openalex.org/W2945638899","https://openalex.org/W2948017961","https://openalex.org/W2950775255","https://openalex.org/W2951343197","https://openalex.org/W2954241526","https://openalex.org/W2962986039","https://openalex.org/W2963237187","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2964118667","https://openalex.org/W2964590009","https://openalex.org/W2978325751","https://openalex.org/W2981343730","https://openalex.org/W3028668932","https://openalex.org/W3097990693","https://openalex.org/W4299301436","https://openalex.org/W6735526268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042399072","https://openalex.org/W2356166161","https://openalex.org/W3144620029","https://openalex.org/W4249089198","https://openalex.org/W2130533867","https://openalex.org/W2540018280","https://openalex.org/W2139082473","https://openalex.org/W2539968604","https://openalex.org/W3009605901","https://openalex.org/W2351784364"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"early":[1],"2018,":[2],"Meltdown":[3,36],"first":[4],"showed":[5],"how":[6],"to":[7,56],"read":[8],"arbitrary":[9],"kernel":[10,34],"memory":[11],"from":[12,18,61,67],"user":[13,32],"space":[14],"by":[15],"exploiting":[16],"side-effects":[17],"transient":[19],"instructions.":[20],"While":[21],"this":[22],"attack":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25,54],"mitigated":[26],"through":[27],"stronger":[28],"isolation":[29],"boundaries":[30],"between":[31],"and":[33,77],"space,":[35],"inspired":[37],"an":[38],"entirely":[39],"new":[40],"class":[41],"of":[42],"fault-driven":[43],"transient-execution":[44],"attacks.":[45],"Particularly,":[46],"over":[47],"the":[48,62,73],"past":[49],"year,":[50],"Meltdown-type":[51],"attacks":[52],"have":[53],"extended":[55],"not":[57],"only":[58],"leak":[59],"data":[60],"L1":[63],"cache":[64],"but":[65],"also":[66],"various":[68],"other":[69],"microarchitectural":[70],"structures,":[71],"including":[72],"FPU":[74],"register":[75],"file":[76],"store":[78],"buffer.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2019-10-03T00:00:00"}
