{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971247463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354216","title":"Insecure Until Proven Updated","display_name":"Insecure Until Proven Updated","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971247463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354216","mag":"2971247463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3354216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11680","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034542496","display_name":"Robert Buhren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Buhren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","Technical University of Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050839776","display_name":"Christian Werling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6938-5145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143288331","display_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/058rn5r42","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Werling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany","[Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001159554","display_name":"Jean\u2010Pierre Seifert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5372-4825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Pierre Seifert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","Technical University of Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1087","last_page":"1099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.911959171295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.8686457872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8183726072311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8074828386306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.6876394152641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.614955723285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5800133943557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.48733314871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4865928888320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4839682877063751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34886109828948975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.911959171295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.8686457872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8183726072311401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8074828386306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.6876394152641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.614955723285675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5800133943557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.48733314871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4865928888320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4839682877063751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34886109828948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3354216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3354216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:2971247463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2971247463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.11680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903862285","https://openalex.org/W2031806437","https://openalex.org/W2043501224","https://openalex.org/W2096828726","https://openalex.org/W2112967367","https://openalex.org/W2151182669","https://openalex.org/W2162055502","https://openalex.org/W2167804035","https://openalex.org/W2491829854","https://openalex.org/W2559981079","https://openalex.org/W2775584553","https://openalex.org/W2795160257","https://openalex.org/W2971247463","https://openalex.org/W3101233422","https://openalex.org/W3103974952","https://openalex.org/W4240288927","https://openalex.org/W4242464041","https://openalex.org/W4288086179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W5444499","https://openalex.org/W12335146","https://openalex.org/W8505353","https://openalex.org/W6340396","https://openalex.org/W10183529","https://openalex.org/W4874665","https://openalex.org/W13693623","https://openalex.org/W4161663","https://openalex.org/W9763779","https://openalex.org/W13651575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"computing":[1],"is":[2,92,161,175,213,295],"one":[3],"of":[4,20,24,50,72,110,122,148,165,226,248,269,282,291,341],"the":[5,30,36,41,45,48,64,70,119,130,140,145,166,180,191,196,202,224,227,233,249,254,266,274,280,289,308,334,342,347],"most":[6],"prominent":[7],"technologies":[8],"to":[9,16,28,69,134,143,186,215,333,345],"host":[10],"Internet":[11],"services":[12,26],"that":[13,39,169,172,179,194,211,220,239,265,288,337],"unfortunately":[14],"leads":[15],"an":[17,320],"increased":[18],"risk":[19],"data":[21,76,87],"theft.":[22],"Customers":[23],"cloud":[25,31,99,114,141,243,322],"have":[27],"trust":[29],"providers,":[32],"as":[33,298],"they":[34],"control":[35],"building":[37],"blocks":[38],"form":[40],"cloud.":[42],"This":[43,159,188,305],"includes":[44],"hypervisor":[46,65,132],"enabling":[47],"sharing":[49],"a":[51,60,96,107,135,155,162,241,245],"single":[52],"hardware":[53],"platform":[54],"among":[55],"multiple":[56],"tenants.":[57],"Executing":[58],"in":[59,89,112,176],"higher-privileged":[61,131],"CPU":[62,207],"mode,":[63],"has":[66],"direct":[67],"access":[68,133],"memory":[71,91,121],"virtual":[73,123,150,181],"machines.":[74],"While":[75],"at":[77],"rest":[78],"can":[79,170],"be":[80],"protected":[81],"using":[82],"well-known":[83],"disk":[84],"encryption":[85],"methods,":[86],"residing":[88],"main":[90,120],"still":[93],"threatened":[94],"by":[95,261],"potentially":[97],"malicious":[98,242],"provider.":[100,323],"AMD":[101,116,204,270,313],"Secure":[102],"Encrypted":[103],"Virtualization":[104],"(SEV)":[105],"claims":[106],"new":[108],"level":[109],"protection":[111,174,251],"such":[113],"scenarios.":[115],"SEV":[117,152,167,173,197,250,309,335,343],"encrypts":[118],"machines":[124],"with":[125,319],"VM-specific":[126],"keys,":[127,235],"thereby":[128],"denying":[129],"guest's":[136],"memory.":[137],"To":[138,324],"enable":[139],"customer":[142],"verify":[144],"correct":[146],"deployment":[147],"his":[149],"machine,":[151],"additionally":[153],"introduces":[154],"remote":[156,198,228],"attestation":[157,199,229],"protocol.":[158,230],"protocol":[160,200],"crucial":[163],"component":[164],"technology":[168,310,344],"prove":[171],"place":[177],"and":[178],"machine":[182],"was":[183],"not":[184,278],"subject":[185],"manipulation.":[187],"paper":[189],"analyzes":[190],"firmware":[192,256,284],"components":[193],"implement":[195],"on":[201,232,311],"current":[203,267,312],"Epyc":[205,271,314],"Naples":[206,275],"series.":[208],"We":[209,286],"demonstrate":[210],"it":[212],"possible":[214],"extract":[216],"critical</>":[217],"CPU-specific":[218],"keys":[219],"are":[221,303],"fundamental":[222],"for":[223],"security":[225],"Building":[231],"extracted":[234],"we":[236,263,328],"propose":[237,330],"attacks":[238,294],"allow":[240,338],"provider":[244],"complete":[246],"circumvention":[247],"mechanisms.":[252],"Although":[253],"underlying":[255],"issues":[257],"were":[258],"already":[259],"fixed":[260],"AMD,":[262],"show":[264,287],"series":[268],"CPUs,":[272],"i.e.,":[273],"series,":[276],"does":[277],"prevent":[279],"installation":[281],"previous":[283],"versions.":[285],"severity":[290],"our":[292],"proposed":[293,348],"very":[296],"high":[297],"no":[299],"purely":[300],"software-based":[301],"mitigations":[302],"possible.":[304],"effectively":[306],"renders":[307],"CPUs":[315],"useless":[316],"when":[317],"confronted":[318],"untrusted":[321],"overcome":[325],"these":[326],"issues,":[327],"also":[329],"robust":[331],"changes":[332],"design":[336],"future":[339],"generations":[340],"mitigate":[346],"attacks.":[349]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}