{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2987160260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345664","title":"TokenScope","display_name":"TokenScope","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2987160260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345664","mag":"2987160260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3345664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345664","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3345664","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3345664","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324340","display_name":"Yufei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342798","display_name":"Zihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4382-577X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400376","display_name":"Xiapu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiapu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428026","display_name":"Ting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4927-5833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057060848","display_name":"Rong Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010034174","display_name":"Xiuzhuo Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuzhuo Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780268","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100443178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.0146,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":138,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99501811,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1503","last_page":"1520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9042999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9003000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.9400378465652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.792799711227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5312276482582092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.5252037644386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.4508766531944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3627326488494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11955833435058594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.9400378465652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.792799711227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5312276482582092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.5252037644386292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.4508766531944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3627326488494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11955833435058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3345664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345664","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3345664","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3319535.3345664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345664","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3319535.3345664","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1140599910","display_name":"CAREER: Trustworthy Machine Learning from Untrusted Models","funder_award_id":"1846151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2484126896","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Attack-Agnostic Defenses against Adversarial Inputs in Learning Systems","funder_award_id":"1718787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2992795431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1718787 and 1846151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3151624230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6187205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3683631156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5167091242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2987160260.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2987160260.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127238549","https://openalex.org/W563453116","https://openalex.org/W2294764622","https://openalex.org/W2538848838","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2598139937","https://openalex.org/W2741675276","https://openalex.org/W2755935712","https://openalex.org/W2769609281","https://openalex.org/W2778144710","https://openalex.org/W2783115857","https://openalex.org/W2786383442","https://openalex.org/W2788841915","https://openalex.org/W2790202156","https://openalex.org/W2796161801","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2810375457","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2883343357","https://openalex.org/W2885254001","https://openalex.org/W2885718957","https://openalex.org/W2888928288","https://openalex.org/W2889740224","https://openalex.org/W2898419822","https://openalex.org/W2898569715","https://openalex.org/W2898656313","https://openalex.org/W2902964636","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2949346161","https://openalex.org/W2954151438","https://openalex.org/W2963465913","https://openalex.org/W2964144608","https://openalex.org/W3088323786","https://openalex.org/W3104720502","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4299301436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366411693","https://openalex.org/W3211641817","https://openalex.org/W3164717803","https://openalex.org/W4389915954","https://openalex.org/W3123387860","https://openalex.org/W4291291739","https://openalex.org/W2915579847","https://openalex.org/W3110645133","https://openalex.org/W4321377877","https://openalex.org/W4394604524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivated":[0],"by":[1,94,136,162,169],"the":[2,12,29,52,75,108,121,138,146,153,159,166,191,222,236],"success":[3],"of":[4,7,14,54,62,148,224,245],"Bitcoin,":[5],"lots":[6,61],"cryptocurrencies":[8],"have":[9,48],"been":[10,49],"created,":[11],"majority":[13],"which":[15],"were":[16],"implemented":[17],"as":[18,36,38],"smart":[19],"contracts":[20,93],"running":[21],"on":[22],"Ethereum":[23],"and":[24,34,84,98,156,165,182,202],"called":[25],"tokens.":[26,193,208,256],"To":[27],"regulate":[28],"interaction":[30],"between":[31],"these":[32,203],"tokens":[33,59,215],"users":[35],"well":[37],"third-party":[39],"tools":[40,89],"(e.g.,":[41],"wallets,":[42],"exchange":[43],"markets,":[44],"etc.),":[45],"several":[46],"standards":[47],"proposed":[50],"for":[51],"implementation":[53],"token":[55,92,115,124,154],"contracts.":[56],"Although":[57],"existing":[58],"involve":[60],"money,":[63],"little":[64],"is":[65,226],"known":[66],"whether":[67],"or":[68],"not":[69],"their":[70,157],"behaviors":[71,78,116,139,167,204],"are":[72],"consistent":[73],"with":[74,91,117],"standards.":[76],"Inconsistent":[77],"can":[79],"lead":[80],"to":[81,100,111,119,131,185,190],"user":[82],"confusion":[83],"financial":[85],"loss,":[86],"because":[87],"users/third-party":[88],"interact":[90],"invoking":[95],"standard":[96,101,163,170,241,246],"interfaces":[97],"listening":[99],"events.":[102,171],"In":[103,249],"this":[104],"work,":[105],"we":[106,219,230,251],"take":[107],"first":[109],"step":[110],"investigate":[112],"such":[113,134],"inconsistent":[114,200,217],"regard":[118],"ERC-20,":[120],"most":[122],"popular":[123],"standard.":[125],"We":[126,172,194],"propose":[127],"a":[128,177],"novel":[129],"approach":[130,175],"automatically":[132],"detect":[133],"inconsistency":[135],"contrasting":[137],"derived":[140],"from":[141,206],"three":[142],"different":[143],"sources,":[144],"including":[145],"manipulations":[147],"core":[149],"data":[150],"structures":[151],"recording":[152],"holders":[155],"shares,":[158],"actions":[160],"indicated":[161],"interfaces,":[164],"suggested":[168],"implement":[173],"our":[174],"in":[176],"new":[178],"tool":[179],"named":[180],"TokenScope":[181,225],"use":[183],"it":[184],"inspect":[186],"all":[187,212],"transactions":[188,197],"sent":[189],"deployed":[192],"detected":[195],"3,259,001":[196],"that":[198,221],"trigger":[199],"behaviors,":[201,218],"resulted":[205],"7,472":[207],"By":[209],"manually":[210],"examining":[211],"(2,353)":[213],"open-source":[214],"having":[216],"found":[220],"precision":[223],"above":[227],"99.9%.":[228],"Moreover,":[229],"revealed":[231],"11":[232],"major":[233],"reasons":[234],"behind":[235],"inconsistency,":[237],"e.g.,":[238],"flawed":[239,255],"tokens,":[240],"methods":[242],"missing,":[243],"lack":[244],"events,":[247],"etc.":[248],"particular,":[250],"discovered":[252],"50":[253],"unreported":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00"}
