{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945486614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711","title":"ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index","display_name":"ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945486614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711","mag":"2945486614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3318464.3389711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3318464.3389711","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3318464.3389711","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jialin Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialin Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Umar Farooq Minhas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Farooq Minhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jia Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University & Microsoft Research, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University & Microsoft Research, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jaeyoung Do","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyoung Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yinan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hantian Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hantian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology & Microsoft Research, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology & Microsoft Research, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Badrish Chandramouli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Badrish Chandramouli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Johannes Gehrke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Gehrke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Donald Kossmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Kossmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Lomet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lomet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tim Kraska","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Kraska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.7926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":248,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99589095,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"969","last_page":"984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.7143999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.7127000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.550599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.3393999934196472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7520999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.7143999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.7127000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.550599992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59276292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580427","display_name":"Database index","level":3,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3318464.3389711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3318464.3389711","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.08898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08898","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.08898","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:s-space.snu.ac.kr:10371/201371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10371/201371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401345","display_name":"Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","host_organization_name":"Seoul National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3318464.3389711","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389711","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3318464.3389711","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3282283043","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16-43-D3M-FP040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945486614.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945486614.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W1992891851","https://openalex.org/W2008721634","https://openalex.org/W2028778377","https://openalex.org/W2030062409","https://openalex.org/W2069574596","https://openalex.org/W2091829363","https://openalex.org/W2104349760","https://openalex.org/W2111451400","https://openalex.org/W2151224499","https://openalex.org/W2165663045","https://openalex.org/W2923407516","https://openalex.org/W2948233700","https://openalex.org/W2948936239","https://openalex.org/W2955798121","https://openalex.org/W2962771342","https://openalex.org/W2970148517","https://openalex.org/W3020084632","https://openalex.org/W3023647491","https://openalex.org/W3029564598","https://openalex.org/W4247806688"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1,47],"on":[2,164],"\"learned":[3],"indexes\"":[4],"has":[5],"changed":[6],"the":[7,12,32,128,153,174],"way":[8],"we":[9,91],"look":[10],"at":[11],"decades-old":[13],"field":[14],"of":[15,27,34,64,75,115,176,214],"DBMS":[16],"indexing.":[17],"The":[18,45],"key":[19,36,203],"idea":[20],"is":[21,82],"that":[22,30,53,103,111],"indexes":[23,108,133,208],"can":[24],"be":[25,43],"thought":[26],"as":[28],"\"models\"":[29],"predict":[31],"position":[33],"a":[35,38,54,58,62,93,113,202,211],"in":[37,68,77],"dataset.":[39],"Indexes":[40],"can,":[41],"thus,":[42],"learned.":[44],"original":[46],"by":[48,61,72,160,183],"Kraska":[49,157],"et":[50,158],"al.":[51,159],"shows":[52],"learned":[55,95,107,132,154,207],"index":[56,96,155,171,196],"beats":[57,152,180],"B+":[59,181],"tree":[60],"factor":[63],"up":[65,161,167,184,192],"to":[66,84,140,162,168,185,193],"three":[67],"search":[69],"time":[70],"and":[71,123,137,144],"an":[73],"order":[74],"magnitude":[76],"memory":[78,146],"footprint.":[79,147],"However,":[80],"it":[81],"limited":[83],"static,":[85],"read-only":[86,149],"workloads.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89],"paper,":[90],"present":[92],"new":[94],"called":[97],"ALEX":[98,125,151,179,200],"which":[99],"addresses":[100],"practical":[101,209],"issues":[102],"arise":[104],"when":[105],"implementing":[106],"for":[109,210],"workloads":[110,216],"contain":[112],"mix":[114],"point":[116],"lookups,":[117],"short":[118],"range":[119],"queries,":[120],"inserts,":[121],"updates,":[122],"deletes.":[124],"effectively":[126],"combines":[127],"core":[129],"insights":[130],"from":[131,156],"with":[134,166,191,217],"proven":[135],"storage":[136],"indexing":[138],"techniques":[139],"achieve":[141],"high":[142],"performance":[143,165],"low":[145],"On":[148],"workloads,":[150,178],"2.2X":[163],"15X":[169],"smaller":[170,195],"size.":[172,197],"Across":[173],"spectrum":[175],"read-write":[177],"trees":[182],"4.1X":[186],"while":[187],"never":[188],"performing":[189],"worse,":[190],"2000X":[194],"We":[198],"believe":[199],"presents":[201],"step":[204],"towards":[205],"making":[206],"broader":[212],"class":[213],"database":[215],"dynamic":[218],"updates.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2019-05-29T00:00:00"}