{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982117380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318041.3355463","title":"Impossibility of Full Decentralization in Permissionless Blockchains","display_name":"Impossibility of Full Decentralization in Permissionless Blockchains","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982117380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318041.3355463","mag":"2982117380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3318041.3355463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318041.3355463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009161605","display_name":"Yu\u2010Jin Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-3856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099236","display_name":"Kootenay Association for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/011pv9p44","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["CA","KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099236","https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659367","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416234","display_name":"Minjeong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7712-1684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099236","display_name":"Kootenay Association for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/011pv9p44","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099236"]}],"countries":["CA","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099236","https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019426968","display_name":"Dawn Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-6802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawn Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073822030","display_name":"Yongdae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4879-1262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099236","display_name":"Kootenay Association for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/011pv9p44","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["CA","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongdae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099236","https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009161605"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424","https://openalex.org/I4210099236"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5482,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98610131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"110","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.8482675552368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impossibility","display_name":"Impossibility","score":0.796525239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7842066287994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5809451341629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5714532136917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5228467583656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.5178797245025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4853579103946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4657405614852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4387581944465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4279884696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.2941482663154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.18227365612983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14311757683753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.10486447811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-economy","display_name":"Market economy","score":0.08867493271827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.06576594710350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06362691521644592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.8482675552368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776261394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315562","display_name":"Impossibility","level":2,"score":0.796525239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7842066287994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5809451341629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5714532136917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5228467583656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.5178797245025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4853579103946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4657405614852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4387581944465637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4279884696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2941482663154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18227365612983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14311757683753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10486447811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.08867493271827698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.06576594710350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06362691521644592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3318041.3355463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3318041.3355463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W2042473526","https://openalex.org/W2048642037","https://openalex.org/W2077779737","https://openalex.org/W2340825551","https://openalex.org/W2535029869","https://openalex.org/W2536916975","https://openalex.org/W2751130135","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2883888919","https://openalex.org/W2890849264","https://openalex.org/W2897037119","https://openalex.org/W2916559683","https://openalex.org/W2971052312","https://openalex.org/W3105327943","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4289799450","https://openalex.org/W6678832241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312475206","https://openalex.org/W3124026391","https://openalex.org/W1517270683","https://openalex.org/W2355932053","https://openalex.org/W2899359367","https://openalex.org/W2366296021","https://openalex.org/W2382571223","https://openalex.org/W2392571533","https://openalex.org/W2982117380","https://openalex.org/W4281629987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0],"uses":[1],"the":[2,13,30],"proof-of-work":[3],"(PoW)":[4],"mechanism":[5],"where":[6],"nodes":[7],"earn":[8],"rewards":[9],"in":[10,50,55],"return":[11],"for":[12],"use":[14],"of":[15],"their":[16],"computing":[17],"resources.":[18],"Although":[19],"this":[20],"incentive":[21],"system":[22],"has":[23],"attracted":[24],"many":[25],"participants,":[26],"power":[27],"has,":[28],"at":[29],"same":[31],"time,":[32],"been":[33],"significantly":[34],"biased":[35],"towards":[36],"a":[37],"few":[38],"nodes,":[39],"called":[40],"mining":[41],"pools.":[42],"In":[43],"addition,":[44],"poor":[45],"decentralization":[46],"appears":[47],"not":[48],"only":[49],"PoW-based":[51],"coins":[52,56],"but":[53],"also":[54],"that":[57],"adopt":[58],"proof-of-stake":[59,63],"(PoS)":[60],"and":[61],"delegated":[62],"(DPoS)":[64],"mechanisms.":[65]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}