{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944745903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317550.3321441","title":"Machine Learning Systems are Stuck in a Rut","display_name":"Machine Learning Systems are Stuck in a Rut","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944745903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317550.3321441","mag":"2944745903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3317550.3321441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317550.3321441","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317550.3321441","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317550.3321441","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110193634","display_name":"Paul Barham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul Barham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Brain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Brain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089543053","display_name":"Michael Isard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Isard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Brain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Brain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110193634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7407,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96764332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"177","last_page":"183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7097876071929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rut","display_name":"Rut","score":0.48526760935783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.399901807308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.382121205329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.37779754400253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.35040226578712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15897521376609802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7097876071929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76893819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596937","display_name":"Rut","level":3,"score":0.48526760935783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.399901807308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.382121205329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.37779754400253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.35040226578712463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15897521376609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168056786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202251","display_name":"Asphalt","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3317550.3321441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317550.3321441","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317550.3321441","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3317550.3321441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317550.3321441","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317550.3321441","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944745903.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944745903.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2055312318","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2338908902","https://openalex.org/W2617411258","https://openalex.org/W2785994986","https://openalex.org/W2786320458","https://openalex.org/W2884700152","https://openalex.org/W2886857292","https://openalex.org/W2900096133","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W2951966972","https://openalex.org/W2952926545","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2961619211","https://openalex.org/W2963351145","https://openalex.org/W3037749908","https://openalex.org/W4299995245","https://openalex.org/W6678107996","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6703652217","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6748053814","https://openalex.org/W6756379755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261","https://openalex.org/W4387297750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"argue":[4],"that":[5],"systems":[6],"for":[7],"numerical":[8],"computing":[9],"are":[10,22],"stuck":[11],"in":[12],"a":[13],"local":[14],"basin":[15],"of":[16,30],"performance":[17,29],"and":[18],"programmability.":[19],"Systems":[20],"researchers":[21],"doing":[23],"an":[24],"excellent":[25],"job":[26],"improving":[27],"the":[28],"5-year-old":[31],"benchmarks,":[32],"but":[33],"gradually":[34],"making":[35],"it":[36],"harder":[37],"to":[38],"explore":[39],"innovative":[40],"machine":[41],"learning":[42],"research":[43],"ideas.":[44]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}