{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945358264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317549.3323402","title":"Insecure connection bootstrapping in cellular networks","display_name":"Insecure connection bootstrapping in cellular networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945358264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317549.3323402","mag":"2945358264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3317549.3323402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317549.3323402","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317549.3323402","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317549.3323402","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053169357","display_name":"Syed Rafiul Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-8544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Rafiul Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081525347","display_name":"Mitziu Echeverria","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitziu Echeverria","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103102582","display_name":"Ankush Singla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0005-4466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankush Singla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070136662","display_name":"Omar Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-6279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iowa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061694501","display_name":"Elisa Bertino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4029-7051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Bertino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053169357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3352,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9546496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8225536942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6453831791877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.613008975982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.5869985222816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5396047234535217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.4794694185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.47634604573249817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47254252433776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.44704416394233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.43746042251586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.4317203760147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.43118536472320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backward-compatibility","display_name":"Backward compatibility","score":0.4227392077445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handshake","display_name":"Handshake","score":0.4199617803096771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4146893620491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.4136800169944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.17891007661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.1357726752758026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8225536942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6453831791877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.613008975982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.5869985222816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5396047234535217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4794694185256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.47634604573249817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47254252433776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.44704416394233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.43746042251586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.4317203760147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.43118536472320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.4227392077445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830043","display_name":"Handshake","level":3,"score":0.4199617803096771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4146893620491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.4136800169944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.17891007661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.1357726752758026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3317549.3323402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317549.3323402","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317549.3323402","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3317549.3323402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3317549.3323402","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3317549.3323402","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2593570677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1719369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5734778976","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1657124 and CNS-1719369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6163323745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1657124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7648038792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1719369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945358264.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945358264.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30083809","https://openalex.org/W207863463","https://openalex.org/W1482497150","https://openalex.org/W1533298133","https://openalex.org/W1543459986","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1778464109","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W1972663735","https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W2008524185","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2042280942","https://openalex.org/W2045673642","https://openalex.org/W2081642530","https://openalex.org/W2093972407","https://openalex.org/W2110081058","https://openalex.org/W2115026336","https://openalex.org/W2115215381","https://openalex.org/W2122653500","https://openalex.org/W2162446888","https://openalex.org/W2187463413","https://openalex.org/W2293493339","https://openalex.org/W2406195999","https://openalex.org/W2518624726","https://openalex.org/W2523311790","https://openalex.org/W2612869182","https://openalex.org/W2691014653","https://openalex.org/W2734657996","https://openalex.org/W2735651122","https://openalex.org/W2752511791","https://openalex.org/W2753040301","https://openalex.org/W2792636363","https://openalex.org/W2805101420","https://openalex.org/W2911307284","https://openalex.org/W2932741641","https://openalex.org/W2947003210","https://openalex.org/W2963061006","https://openalex.org/W2963139382","https://openalex.org/W2963237625","https://openalex.org/W4210716089","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4240060123","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298051233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003825200","https://openalex.org/W1581819742","https://openalex.org/W2116285675","https://openalex.org/W2053380998","https://openalex.org/W2033083292","https://openalex.org/W2283780021","https://openalex.org/W2946750750","https://openalex.org/W3136622342","https://openalex.org/W3131600677","https://openalex.org/W2061637199"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,14,74,83,112,121,147,168],"cellular":[2,11,75],"ecosystem,":[3,76],"base":[4,31,52],"stations":[5,53],"act":[6],"as":[7],"trusted":[8],"intermediaries":[9],"between":[10],"devices":[12,20,58],"and":[13,63,118,135,143,156,193],"core":[15],"network.":[16],"During":[17],"connection":[18],"bootstrapping,":[19],"currently,":[21],"however,":[22],"do":[23],"not":[24,80,172],"possess":[25],"any":[26],"mechanisms":[27],"to":[28,35,44,49,59,61,73,94,120],"authenticate":[29],"a":[30,70,100,163,181],"station":[32],"before":[33],"connecting":[34],"it.":[36],"This":[37],"lack":[38],"of":[39,111,149,189],"authentication":[40,105,127],"has":[41],"been":[42],"shown":[43],"be":[45],"exploitable":[46],"by":[47,98],"adversaries":[48],"install":[50],"fake":[51],"which":[54,107],"can":[55],"lure":[56],"unsuspecting":[57],"connect":[60],"them":[62],"then":[64],"launch":[65],"sophisticated":[66],"attacks.":[67],"Despite":[68],"being":[69],"well-known":[71],"threat":[72],"this":[77,96],"weakness":[78],"is":[79,171],"addressed":[81],"in":[82,116,138,187],"current":[84,90],"protocol":[85],"versions":[86],"including":[87],"5G.":[88],"The":[89],"paper":[91],"sets":[92],"out":[93],"fill":[95],"void":[97],"proposing":[99],"Public-key":[101],"infrastructure":[102],"(PKI)":[103],"based":[104],"mechanism":[106],"builds":[108],"on":[109,162],"top":[110],"asymmetric":[113],"cryptography":[114],"used":[115],"5G":[117],"adheres":[119],"relevant":[122],"deployment":[123,194],"constraints.":[124],"Our":[125,160],"proposed":[126,169],"scheme":[128,170,184],"leverages":[129],"precomputation-based":[130],"digital":[131],"signature":[132,151,154],"generation":[133],"algorithms":[134],"employs":[136],"optimizations":[137],"three":[139],"dimensions---PKI":[140],"scheme-level,":[141],"protocol-level,":[142],"cryptographic":[144],"scheme-level---to":[145],"address":[146],"trilemma":[148],"small":[150],"size,":[152],"efficient":[153],"generation,":[155],"short":[157],"verification":[158],"time.":[159],"evaluation":[161],"real":[164],"testbed":[165],"indicates":[166],"that":[167],"only":[173],"readily":[174],"deployable":[175],"but":[176],"also":[177],"performs":[178],"better":[179],"than":[180],"symmetric":[182],"key-based":[183],"(i.e.,":[185],"TESLA)":[186],"terms":[188],"security":[190],"guarantee,":[191],"overhead,":[192],"constraints":[195],"(e.g.,":[196],"backward":[197],"compatibility).":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}