{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923989211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3314058.3314065","title":"Limitations on observability of effects in cyber-physical systems","display_name":"Limitations on observability of effects in cyber-physical systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923989211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3314058.3314065","mag":"2923989211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3314058.3314065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3314058.3314065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual Symposium on Hot Topics in the Science of Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.09482","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907032","display_name":"Suresh K. Damodaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9855-2051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suresh K. Damodaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["MITRE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MITRE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000552585","display_name":"Paul D. Rowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1942-640X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul D. Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["MITRE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MITRE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101907032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02066306,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnectivity","display_name":"Interconnectivity","score":0.9514082074165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.9304567575454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7206434607505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6682902574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6280364990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4899212718009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4642423391342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.41074037551879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.33569297194480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17334982752799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10796526074409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.08871632814407349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25516864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnectivity","level":2,"score":0.9514082074165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.9304567575454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7206434607505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6682902574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6280364990234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4899212718009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4642423391342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.41074037551879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33569297194480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17334982752799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10796526074409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.08871632814407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3314058.3314065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3314058.3314065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual Symposium on Hot Topics in the Science of Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.09482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.09482","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.09482","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2923989211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.09482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.09482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.09482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1903.09482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.09482","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.09482","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923989211.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923989211.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157492013","https://openalex.org/W642120166","https://openalex.org/W1180792509","https://openalex.org/W1529718300","https://openalex.org/W1565764206","https://openalex.org/W1667368742","https://openalex.org/W1964053994","https://openalex.org/W1982359930","https://openalex.org/W1984478483","https://openalex.org/W2001598892","https://openalex.org/W2029288475","https://openalex.org/W2056451850","https://openalex.org/W2068031356","https://openalex.org/W2100559484","https://openalex.org/W2120010242","https://openalex.org/W2123990969","https://openalex.org/W2152106854","https://openalex.org/W2152505375","https://openalex.org/W2169239645","https://openalex.org/W2269337656","https://openalex.org/W2291469054","https://openalex.org/W2344429718","https://openalex.org/W2516521254","https://openalex.org/W2542111976","https://openalex.org/W2605497964","https://openalex.org/W2741430969","https://openalex.org/W3189981105","https://openalex.org/W4245587674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2178128099","https://openalex.org/W3032330729","https://openalex.org/W2558893580","https://openalex.org/W2906965747","https://openalex.org/W3121028286","https://openalex.org/W3163834387","https://openalex.org/W3040333723","https://openalex.org/W2890660842","https://openalex.org/W3034672496","https://openalex.org/W2897650178","https://openalex.org/W2950352427","https://openalex.org/W2149183086","https://openalex.org/W3145627356","https://openalex.org/W2902560707","https://openalex.org/W1480589541","https://openalex.org/W2900948681","https://openalex.org/W2787970001","https://openalex.org/W2124472784","https://openalex.org/W2056464553","https://openalex.org/W2019514379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increased":[0],"interconnectivity":[1],"of":[2,20,63,101],"Cyber-Physical":[3],"Systems,":[4],"by":[5],"design":[6],"or":[7],"otherwise,":[8],"increases":[9],"the":[10,18,55,98,102],"cyber":[11],"attack":[12,15],"surface":[13],"and":[14,61,82,96],"vectors.":[16],"Observing":[17],"effects":[19],"these":[21],"attacks":[22,35],"is":[23],"helpful":[24],"in":[25,40,80],"detecting":[26],"them.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,45],"show":[32,67],"that":[33,68],"many":[34],"on":[36],"such":[37],"systems":[38],"result":[39],"a":[41],"control":[42],"loop":[43],"effect":[44],"term":[46],"Process":[47],"Model":[48],"Inconsistency":[49],"(PMI).":[50],"Our":[51],"formal":[52],"approach":[53,88],"elucidates":[54],"relationships":[56],"among":[57],"incompleteness,":[58],"incorrectness,":[59],"safety,":[60],"inconsistency":[62,76],"process":[64,70],"models.":[65,84],"We":[66,85],"incomplete":[69],"models":[71],"lead":[72],"to":[73],"inconsistency.":[74],"Surprisingly,":[75],"may":[77],"arise":[78],"even":[79],"complete":[81],"correct":[83],"illustrate":[86],"our":[87],"through":[89],"an":[90],"Automated":[91],"Teller":[92],"Machine":[93],"(ATM)":[94],"example,":[95],"describe":[97],"practical":[99],"implications":[100],"theoretical":[103],"results.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
