{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017640030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376761","title":"Beyond the Prototype: Understanding the Challenge of Scaling Hardware Device Production","display_name":"Beyond the Prototype: Understanding the Challenge of Scaling Hardware Device Production","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017640030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376761","mag":"3017640030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376761","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313831.3376761","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313831.3376761","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031239805","display_name":"Rushil Khurana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rushil Khurana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031564691","display_name":"Steve Hodges","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-7762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Hodges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031239805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.174,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91632766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6342325210571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-prototyping","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","score":0.629986047744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5982051491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.46062082052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.4585866630077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.36961501836776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3629610538482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.34731075167655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33850497007369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21428313851356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12144285440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09720423817634583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6342325210571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.629986047744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5982051491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.46062082052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4585866630077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36961501836776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3629610538482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.34731075167655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33850497007369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21428313851356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12144285440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09720423817634583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376761","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313831.3376761","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376761","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313831.3376761","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017640030.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017640030.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520829806","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1984182046","https://openalex.org/W1995601995","https://openalex.org/W2003941864","https://openalex.org/W2028187927","https://openalex.org/W2030390645","https://openalex.org/W2054044780","https://openalex.org/W2057073649","https://openalex.org/W2062658884","https://openalex.org/W2090351970","https://openalex.org/W2091678085","https://openalex.org/W2102511761","https://openalex.org/W2103339808","https://openalex.org/W2116817356","https://openalex.org/W2137371941","https://openalex.org/W2138899136","https://openalex.org/W2147068791","https://openalex.org/W2149006949","https://openalex.org/W2318293530","https://openalex.org/W2346517070","https://openalex.org/W2392542003","https://openalex.org/W2611488115","https://openalex.org/W2761973445","https://openalex.org/W2765259813","https://openalex.org/W2940939137","https://openalex.org/W2940959397","https://openalex.org/W2981031913","https://openalex.org/W3000996643","https://openalex.org/W4243991703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383421259","https://openalex.org/W2371310434","https://openalex.org/W2350306311","https://openalex.org/W4293850976","https://openalex.org/W2392311665","https://openalex.org/W2084057747","https://openalex.org/W2363866418","https://openalex.org/W2134898911","https://openalex.org/W2379740709","https://openalex.org/W3034080407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"hardware":[1,86],"research":[2],"and":[3,11,17,24,33,38,61,99,128,132,144,165,170],"development":[4],"communities":[5],"have":[6,27],"invested":[7],"heavily":[8],"in":[9,44,107,113,118,125],"tools":[10,26,143,164],"materials":[12,166],"that":[13,72,167],"facilitate":[14],"the":[15,29,95,148,162],"design":[16,169],"prototyping":[18,30],"of":[19,31,53,66],"electronic":[20],"devices.":[21],"Numerous":[22],"easy-to-access":[23],"easy-to-use":[25],"streamlined":[28],"interactive":[32],"embedded":[34],"devices":[35,87],"for":[36,76,141],"experts":[37],"led":[39],"to":[40,146,154],"a":[41,59,70,133,151],"remarkable":[42],"growth":[43],"non-expert":[45],"builders.":[46],"However,":[47],"there":[48],"has":[49],"been":[50],"little":[51],"exploration":[52],"challenges":[54],"associated":[55],"with":[56,82],"moving":[57],"beyond":[58,150],"prototype":[60,85,153],"creating":[62],"hundreds":[63],"or":[64],"thousands":[65],"exact":[67],"replicas":[68],"-":[69],"process":[71],"is":[73],"still":[74],"challenging":[75],"many.":[77],"We":[78,92,103],"interviewed":[79],"25":[80],"individuals":[81],"experience":[83],"taking":[84],"into":[88],"low":[89],"volume":[90],"production.":[91],"systematically":[93],"investigated":[94],"common":[96],"issues":[97],"faced":[98],"mitigation":[100],"strategies":[101],"adopted.":[102],"present":[104],"our":[105],"findings":[106],"four":[108],"main":[109],"categories:":[110],"(1)":[111],"gaps":[112,117],"technical":[114],"knowledge;":[115,120],"(2)":[116],"non-technical":[119],"(3)":[121],"minimum":[122],"viable":[123],"rigor":[124],"manufacturing":[126],"preparation;":[127],"(4)":[129],"building":[130],"relationships":[131],"professional":[134],"network.":[135],"Our":[136],"study":[137],"unearthed":[138],"several":[139],"opportunities":[140],"new":[142],"processes":[145],"support":[147,168],"transition":[149],"working":[152],"cost":[155],"effective":[156],"low-volume":[157],"manufacturing.":[158],"These":[159],"would":[160],"complement":[161],"aforementioned":[163],"prototyping.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
