{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029105705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376728","title":"Twitter A11y: A Browser Extension to Make Twitter Images Accessible","display_name":"Twitter A11y: A Browser Extension to Make Twitter Images Accessible","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029105705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376728","mag":"3029105705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376728","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376728","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033176687","display_name":"Cole Gleason","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cole Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014816733","display_name":"Amy Pavel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3908-4366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Pavel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067874054","display_name":"Emma McCamey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma McCamey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051408442","display_name":"Christina Low","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Low","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016119103","display_name":"Patrick Carrington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-0803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Carrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037322163","display_name":"Kris Kitani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9389-4060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kris M. Kitani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082603621","display_name":"Jeffrey P. Bigham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-0625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey P. Bigham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.1697,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":123,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99794686,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7755005359649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.7306928038597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.6924334168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.6854981184005737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeline","display_name":"Timeline","score":0.5489228367805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-reader","display_name":"Screen reader","score":0.5444392561912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4695347547531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.43990829586982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.1801111400127411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.1680769920349121}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7755005359649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.7306928038597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6924334168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.6854981184005737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.5489228367805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.5444392561912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4695347547531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.43990829586982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.1801111400127411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.1680769920349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376728","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376728","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969088462","https://openalex.org/W1993624695","https://openalex.org/W2078238240","https://openalex.org/W2106652774","https://openalex.org/W2144883443","https://openalex.org/W2221727122","https://openalex.org/W2406390611","https://openalex.org/W2578190051","https://openalex.org/W2587602959","https://openalex.org/W2588822708","https://openalex.org/W2748163013","https://openalex.org/W2767361967","https://openalex.org/W2789636240","https://openalex.org/W2791213089","https://openalex.org/W2913974265","https://openalex.org/W2941291804","https://openalex.org/W2981800437","https://openalex.org/W2982026686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1858249912","https://openalex.org/W2114034199","https://openalex.org/W4391249598","https://openalex.org/W2317428717","https://openalex.org/W2734259032","https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W3094038556","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2014772881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,178],"platforms":[2,28,179],"are":[3,11,71,151],"integral":[4],"to":[5,15,21,57,91,135,176],"public":[6],"and":[7,78,107],"private":[8],"discourse,":[9],"but":[10,38],"becoming":[12],"less":[13],"accessible":[14],"people":[16,181],"with":[17,162,182],"vision":[18],"impairments":[19,164,184],"due":[20],"an":[22],"increase":[23],"in":[24],"user-posted":[25,191],"images.":[26,143,192],"Some":[27],"(i.e.":[29],"Twitter)":[30],"let":[31],"users":[32],"add":[33,58],"image":[34],"descriptions":[35,139,150,189],"(alternative":[36],"text),":[37],"only":[39],"0.1%":[40],"of":[41,69,109,119,148,159],"images":[42],"include":[43],"these.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"this":[47],"accessibility":[48],"barrier,":[49],"we":[50,74],"created":[51],"Twitter":[52,62,86,110,123,128,172],"A11y,":[53],"a":[54,169],"browser":[55],"extension":[56],"alternative":[59,80,94],"text":[60,70,81,95],"on":[61,156],"using":[63,82,165],"six":[64,112],"methods.":[65],"For":[66],"example,":[67],"screenshots":[68],"common,":[72],"so":[73],"detect":[75],"textual":[76],"images,":[77],"create":[79],"optical":[83],"character":[84],"recognition.":[85],"A11y":[87,129,173],"also":[88],"leverages":[89],"services":[90],"automatically":[92],"generate":[93],"or":[96],"reuse":[97],"them":[98],"from":[99,133],"across":[100],"the":[101,105,117,141,157,166],"web.":[102],"We":[103,125,144,153],"compare":[104],"coverage":[106,132],"quality":[108],"A11y's":[111],"alt-text":[113,131],"strategies":[114],"by":[115,185],"evaluating":[116],"timelines":[118],"50":[120],"self-identified":[121],"blind":[122],"users.":[124],"find":[126],"that":[127,146],"increases":[130,174],"7.6%":[134],"78.5%,":[136],"before":[137],"crowdsourcing":[138],"for":[140,180,190],"remaining":[142],"estimate":[145],"57.5%":[147],"returned":[149],"high-quality.":[152],"then":[154],"report":[155],"experiences":[158],"10":[160],"participants":[161],"visual":[163,183],"tool":[167],"during":[168],"week-long":[170],"deployment.":[171],"access":[175],"social":[177],"providing":[186],"high-quality":[187],"automatic":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}