{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3029636270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376226","title":"An Interaction Design for Machine Teaching to Develop AI Tutors","display_name":"An Interaction Design for Machine Teaching to Develop AI Tutors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3029636270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376226","mag":"3029636270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376226","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018591274","display_name":"D. P. Weitekamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0079-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Weitekamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059820500","display_name":"Erik Harpstead","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3019-3627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Harpstead","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062550465","display_name":"Kenneth R. Koedinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5850-4768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken R. Koedinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018591274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96353374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8677217960357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extant-taxon","display_name":"Extant taxon","score":0.5719732642173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5652064085006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.519737958908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.500931978225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.49331584572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.4921521544456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.46741318702697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-by-demonstration","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","score":0.4496949315071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.43806880712509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"Instructional design","score":0.42176881432533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.324335515499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2744985818862915}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8677217960357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178300618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509","display_name":"Extant taxon","level":2,"score":0.5719732642173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5652064085006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.519737958908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.500931978225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.49331584572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.4921521544456482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.46741318702697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779038628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248497","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","level":3,"score":0.4496949315071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.43806880712509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.42176881432533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.324335515499115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2744985818862915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313831.3376226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6523058360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305B150008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","funder_display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04et59085"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61363324","https://openalex.org/W1492324553","https://openalex.org/W1517725046","https://openalex.org/W1560763790","https://openalex.org/W1596241100","https://openalex.org/W1748932423","https://openalex.org/W1765030997","https://openalex.org/W1971228271","https://openalex.org/W1979253984","https://openalex.org/W2009207944","https://openalex.org/W2058909178","https://openalex.org/W2065070540","https://openalex.org/W2091168828","https://openalex.org/W2112564774","https://openalex.org/W2113386642","https://openalex.org/W2117655204","https://openalex.org/W2261910606","https://openalex.org/W2396982254","https://openalex.org/W2401080241","https://openalex.org/W2413267898","https://openalex.org/W2505424521","https://openalex.org/W2520858206","https://openalex.org/W2573414602","https://openalex.org/W2610474269","https://openalex.org/W2745881055","https://openalex.org/W2758976604","https://openalex.org/W3015277188","https://openalex.org/W4245782759"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2478195092","https://openalex.org/W4312351362","https://openalex.org/W2362145073","https://openalex.org/W2358338760","https://openalex.org/W3016239368","https://openalex.org/W183073912","https://openalex.org/W2119729863","https://openalex.org/W2887971028","https://openalex.org/W2501172308","https://openalex.org/W2151231380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"tutoring":[1],"systems":[2],"(ITSs)":[3],"have":[4],"consistently":[5],"been":[6],"shown":[7],"to":[8,57,60,120,123],"improve":[9],"the":[10,42,97],"educational":[11],"outcomes":[12],"of":[13,35],"students":[14],"when":[15],"used":[16],"alone":[17],"or":[18,82],"combined":[19,104],"with":[20,71,96,105],"traditional":[21],"instruction.":[22],"However,":[23],"building":[24],"an":[25],"ITS":[26],"is":[27],"a":[28,106],"time-consuming":[29],"process":[30],"which":[31],"requires":[32],"specialized":[33],"knowledge":[34],"existing":[36,132],"tools.":[37],"Extant":[38],"authoring":[39,80,133],"methods,":[40],"including":[41],"Cognitive":[43],"Tutor":[44],"Authoring":[45,52],"Tools'":[46],"(CTAT)":[47],"example-tracing":[48],"method":[49],"and":[50,116],"SimStudent's":[51],"by":[53,68],"Tutoring,":[54],"use":[55],"programming-by-demonstration":[56],"allow":[58],"authors":[59,122],"build":[61],"ITSs":[62],"more":[63],"quickly":[64],"than":[65,131],"they":[66],"could":[67],"hand":[69],"programming":[70],"model-tracing.":[72],"Yet":[73],"these":[74],"methods":[75],"still":[76],"suffer":[77],"from":[78],"long":[79],"times":[81],"difficulty":[83],"creating":[84],"complete":[85],"models.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88],"study,":[89],"we":[90],"demonstrate":[91],"that":[92,110],"Simulated":[93],"Learners":[94],"built":[95],"Apprentice":[98],"Learner":[99],"(AL)":[100],"Framework":[101],"can":[102],"be":[103],"novel":[107],"interaction":[108],"design":[109],"emphasizes":[111],"model":[112,126],"transparency,":[113],"input":[114],"flexibility,":[115],"problem":[117],"solving":[118],"control":[119],"enable":[121],"achieve":[124],"greater":[125],"completeness":[127],"in":[128],"less":[129],"time":[130],"methods.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}