{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2925933194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313808.3313814","title":"vCPU as a container: towards accurate CPU allocation for VMs","display_name":"vCPU as a container: towards accurate CPU allocation for VMs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2925933194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313808.3313814","mag":"2925933194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313808.3313814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313808.3313814","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313808.3313814","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313808.3313814","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418765","display_name":"Li Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9685-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775993","display_name":"Haoliang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-9893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoliang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419959","display_name":"An Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-9176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Western Reserve University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010058430","display_name":"Mengbai Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengbai Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ohio State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079187166","display_name":"Yue Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-4864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065505890","display_name":"Songqing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-7125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songqing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"193","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.9054728746414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8020006418228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.7496839761734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.7422536611557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.7283850312232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.7257530689239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7174743413925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.6920508146286011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.6084550023078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5916294455528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5124378800392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.5011701583862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5009009838104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4538024067878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4524790048599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15047642588615417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09591946005821228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.9054728746414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8020006418228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.7496839761734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.7422536611557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7283850312232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.7257530689239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7174743413925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.6920508146286011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.6084550023078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5916294455528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5124378800392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5011701583862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5009009838104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4538024067878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4524790048599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15047642588615417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09591946005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313808.3313814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313808.3313814","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313808.3313814","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3313808.3313814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3313808.3313814","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3313808.3313814","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G283104698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1524462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8403906381","display_name":"BUILDING SCALABLE AND PROGRAMMABLE MACHINE LEARNING BASED NETWORK ANOMALY DETECTION IN SDN","funder_award_id":"70NANB18H272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310281","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2925933194.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2925933194.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16408702","https://openalex.org/W73598622","https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1489751240","https://openalex.org/W1651603302","https://openalex.org/W1939576174","https://openalex.org/W1971739358","https://openalex.org/W1976442188","https://openalex.org/W1977635665","https://openalex.org/W2002307579","https://openalex.org/W2043050457","https://openalex.org/W2064359039","https://openalex.org/W2081461624","https://openalex.org/W2091765165","https://openalex.org/W2101305567","https://openalex.org/W2104947652","https://openalex.org/W2118955868","https://openalex.org/W2128404326","https://openalex.org/W2131726714","https://openalex.org/W2139702785","https://openalex.org/W2167088175","https://openalex.org/W2169965429","https://openalex.org/W2485746204","https://openalex.org/W2507963169","https://openalex.org/W2526858090","https://openalex.org/W2600769197","https://openalex.org/W2777473589","https://openalex.org/W4244704438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148749405","https://openalex.org/W2104105430","https://openalex.org/W1515917392","https://openalex.org/W1973516247","https://openalex.org/W1991063492","https://openalex.org/W2613320081","https://openalex.org/W2179519055","https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W2145292010","https://openalex.org/W2747005099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"our":[1,146,150],"increasing":[2],"reliance":[3],"on":[4,138,145],"cloud":[5,17],"computing,":[6],"accurate":[7],"resource":[8,64,83,102,111],"allocation":[9],"of":[10,28,85,104,140],"virtual":[11,31,92],"machines":[12],"(or":[13,30],"domains)":[14],"in":[15,42,69,155],"the":[16,25,40,43,51,56,63,70,78,101,109,117,141,168],"have":[18,148],"become":[19],"more":[20,22],"and":[21],"important.":[23],"However,":[24],"current":[26,71],"design":[27,75],"hypervisors":[29],"machine":[32],"monitors)":[33],"fails":[34],"to":[35,39,99,167],"accurately":[36,81],"allocate":[37],"resources":[38],"domains":[41],"virtualized":[44],"environment.":[45],"In":[46,88],"this":[47,89,122],"paper,":[48,90],"we":[49,97,127],"claim":[50],"root":[52],"cause":[53],"is":[54,59,113,153],"that":[55,108],"protection":[57],"scope":[58,65,103,112],"erroneously":[60],"used":[61],"as":[62,94,135],"for":[66],"a":[67,95,105,125,129,136],"domain":[68],"virtualization":[72],"design.":[73],"Such":[74],"flaw":[76],"prevents":[77],"hypervisor":[79],"from":[80],"accounting":[82,156],"consumption":[84,119,159],"each":[86],"domain.":[87,123],"using":[91],"CPUs":[93],"container":[96],"propose":[98],"redefine":[100],"domain,":[106],"so":[107],"new":[110],"aligned":[114],"with":[115],"all":[116],"CPU":[118,158],"incurred":[120,160],"by":[121,161],"As":[124],"demonstration,":[126],"implement":[128],"novel":[130],"system,":[131],"called":[132],"VASE":[133],"(vCPU":[134],"container),":[137],"top":[139],"Xen":[142],"hypervisor.":[143],"Evaluations":[144],"testbed":[147],"shown":[149],"proposed":[151],"approach":[152],"effective":[154],"system-wide":[157],"domains,":[162],"while":[163],"introducing":[164],"negligible":[165],"overhead":[166],"system.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
