{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912248945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313752","title":"Anything to Hide? Studying Minified and Obfuscated Code in the Web","display_name":"Anything to Hide? Studying Minified and Obfuscated Code in the Web","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912248945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313752","mag":"2912248945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3308558.3313752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313752","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Wide Web Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313752","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023614822","display_name":"Philippe Skolka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philippe Skolka","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068174067","display_name":"Cristian-Alexandru Staicu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian-Alexandru Staicu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013438083","display_name":"Michael Pradel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-498X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Pradel","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1735","last_page":"1746"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.9647523164749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.8967581987380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8659900426864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.8541280031204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6597000360488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6332899928092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.6152269244194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.4455804228782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4387880265712738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4150213301181793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.18303564190864563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.9647523164749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.8967581987380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8659900426864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.8541280031204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6597000360488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6332899928092957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.6152269244194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.4455804228782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4387880265712738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4150213301181793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.18303564190864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3308558.3313752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313752","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Wide Web Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3308558.3313752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313752","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The World Wide Web Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58852127","https://openalex.org/W1491081130","https://openalex.org/W1520648475","https://openalex.org/W1577719850","https://openalex.org/W1688725932","https://openalex.org/W1792275236","https://openalex.org/W1970867218","https://openalex.org/W1991074244","https://openalex.org/W2026054276","https://openalex.org/W2038461625","https://openalex.org/W2044675702","https://openalex.org/W2075344129","https://openalex.org/W2078571935","https://openalex.org/W2101678831","https://openalex.org/W2114793359","https://openalex.org/W2143603206","https://openalex.org/W2156981320","https://openalex.org/W2171726649","https://openalex.org/W2238673293","https://openalex.org/W2290933337","https://openalex.org/W2364861723","https://openalex.org/W2403526004","https://openalex.org/W2405282478","https://openalex.org/W2472577675","https://openalex.org/W2495934614","https://openalex.org/W2509067210","https://openalex.org/W2521942611","https://openalex.org/W2591793539","https://openalex.org/W2614073125","https://openalex.org/W2621377634","https://openalex.org/W2758513221","https://openalex.org/W2790761820","https://openalex.org/W2794456160","https://openalex.org/W2794652108","https://openalex.org/W2794718534","https://openalex.org/W2806253293","https://openalex.org/W2891185194","https://openalex.org/W2963371736","https://openalex.org/W3006491415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183795482","https://openalex.org/W229543724","https://openalex.org/W2004762911","https://openalex.org/W4237609564","https://openalex.org/W212372412","https://openalex.org/W4312312709","https://openalex.org/W83892589","https://openalex.org/W1025864625","https://openalex.org/W4225397295","https://openalex.org/W4312924671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"JavaScript":[0,243],"has":[1,116],"been":[2,90,117],"used":[3],"for":[4,279],"various":[5],"attacks":[6],"on":[7],"client-side":[8],"web":[9],"applications.":[10],"To":[11],"hinder":[12],"both":[13],"manual":[14],"and":[15,24,55,92,191,203,220,241,245,263,270],"automated":[16,262],"analysis":[17,170],"from":[18,62,134],"detecting":[19],"malicious":[20],"scripts,":[21],"code":[22,25,45,101,115,129,152,174,224],"minification":[23,56,88],"obfuscation":[26,54,86,121,158,189,210],"may":[27],"hide":[28],"the":[29,63,113,128,172,183,227,235],"behavior":[30],"of":[31,53,69,108,112,127,142,171,178,252,275],"a":[32,73,135,187,213,273],"script.":[33],"Unfortunately,":[34],"little":[35],"is":[36,72,159,180],"currently":[37],"known":[38],"about":[39],"how":[40],"real-world":[41,276],"websites":[42],"use":[43],"such":[44,123,199],"transformations.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"presents":[49],"an":[50,261],"empirical":[51],"study":[52,71,232],"in":[57,148,162],"967,149":[58],"scripts":[59,144,147,195,278],"(424,023":[60],"unique)":[61],"top":[64],"100,000":[65],"websites.":[66],"The":[67],"core":[68],"our":[70,231],"highly":[74],"accurate":[75,264],"(95%-100%)":[76],"neural":[77],"network-based":[78],"classifier":[79],"that":[80,100,157,176,192,209,225,234],"we":[81,155,207,271],"train":[82],"to":[83,182,222,254,266],"identify":[84,267],"whether":[85],"or":[87,130],"have":[89],"applied":[91],"if":[93],"yes,":[94],"using":[95],"what":[96,250],"tools.":[97],"We":[98],"find":[99,156],"transformations":[102,253],"are":[103],"very":[104],"widespread,":[105],"affecting":[106],"38%":[107],"all":[109,132,143],"scripts.":[110],"Most":[111],"transformed":[114],"minified,":[118],"whereas":[119],"advanced":[120],"techniques,":[122],"as":[124,200],"encoding":[125],"parts":[126],"fetching":[131],"strings":[133],"global":[136],"array,":[137],"affect":[138],"less":[139],"than":[140],"1%":[141],"(2,842":[145],"unique":[146],"total).":[149],"Studying":[150],"which":[151],"gets":[153],"obfuscated,":[154],"particularly":[160],"common":[161],"certain":[163],"website":[164],"categories,":[165],"e.g.,":[166],"adult":[167],"content.":[168],"Further":[169],"obfuscated":[173,194,242,268,277],"shows":[175,233],"most":[177],"it":[179,216,246],"similar":[181],"output":[184],"produced":[185],"by":[186],"single":[188],"tool":[190],"some":[193],"trigger":[196],"suspicious":[197],"behavior,":[198],"likely":[201],"fingerprinting":[202],"timing":[204],"attacks.":[205],"Finally,":[206],"show":[208],"comes":[211],"at":[212],"cost,":[214],"because":[215],"slows":[217],"down":[218],"execution":[219],"risks":[221],"produce":[223],"changes":[226],"intended":[228],"behavior.":[229],"Overall,":[230],"security":[236],"community":[237],"must":[238],"consider":[239],"minified":[240],"code,":[244,269],"provides":[247],"insights":[248],"into":[249],"kinds":[251],"focus":[255],"on.":[256],"Our":[257],"learned":[258],"classifiers":[259],"provide":[260],"way":[265],"release":[272],"set":[274],"future":[280],"research.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
