{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949119743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3307334.3328618","title":"AuthGPS","display_name":"AuthGPS","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949119743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3307334.3328618","mag":"2949119743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3307334.3328618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3307334.3328618","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003311970","display_name":"Shahroz Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9090-0579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116376","display_name":"SUNY Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/02d07gm56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shahroz Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670377","display_name":"Hoyoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-9020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116376","display_name":"SUNY Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/02d07gm56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050315750","display_name":"Jihoon Ryoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-8347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116376","display_name":"SUNY Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/02d07gm56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihoon Ryoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003311970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.28,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64432404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"547","last_page":"548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.928600013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9583194851875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.9091870188713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7058022022247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.598895788192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-lightweight-gps-receiver","display_name":"Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver","score":0.5766886472702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.5624412298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.546542227268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5073646903038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-first-fix","display_name":"Time to first fix","score":0.5021309852600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-disciplined-oscillator","display_name":"GPS disciplined oscillator","score":0.48167145252227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.44944149255752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-tracking-server","display_name":"GPS tracking server","score":0.41872546076774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3633119463920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35978496074676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2800636291503906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9583194851875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.9091870188713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7058022022247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.598895788192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190234968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239523","display_name":"Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver","level":5,"score":0.5766886472702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.5624412298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.546542227268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5073646903038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193648706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805485","display_name":"Time to first fix","level":5,"score":0.5021309852600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80624579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867290","display_name":"GPS disciplined oscillator","level":5,"score":0.48167145252227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.44944149255752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207539736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253677","display_name":"GPS tracking server","level":5,"score":0.41872546076774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3633119463920593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35978496074676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2800636291503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987779331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486497","display_name":"Gps receiver","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3307334.3328618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3307334.3328618","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W2130423988","https://openalex.org/W2337120071","https://openalex.org/W2591721791","https://openalex.org/W2884989375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2555355958","https://openalex.org/W2185124781","https://openalex.org/W1670126211","https://openalex.org/W2393491537","https://openalex.org/W1593948700","https://openalex.org/W2249797904","https://openalex.org/W2527910659","https://openalex.org/W2366050171","https://openalex.org/W2323868500","https://openalex.org/W2097937152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"GPS":[1,7,18,36,93,99,103,106,125,163,170,224,241,243,306,402,422,471],"(Global":[2],"Positioning":[3],"System)":[4],"navigation":[5,65,156],"and":[6,54,84,108,259,348],"based":[8,45,77],"autonomous":[9],"car":[10,69,135,146],"driving":[11],"techniques":[12],"are":[13,75,219],"mature,":[14],"the":[15,64,68,79,116,131,134,137,145,150,155,162,168,185,212,215,223,256,290,301,361,380,387,392,398,405,438,451],"security":[16],"of":[17,67,133,214,228,292,305,372,389,391,397,464,469],"signal":[19,104,238,453],"has":[20,30],"not":[21,287,324,377],"been":[22,31,120],"a":[23,42,91,142,180,274,446,467],"primary":[24],"system":[25,50,66,95,157,417,447,486],"concern.":[26],"In":[27,86,115,141],"fact,":[28],"it":[29],"shown":[32],"that":[33,448],"an":[34,279,424],"ordinary":[35],"can":[37,59,158,183,246,333,364,394,426,449],"be":[38,247,325,328,334,365,395],"easily":[39],"spoofed":[40,165,199,340,452],"by":[41,166,336],"low-cost,":[43],"open-source":[44],"software":[46],"defined":[47],"radio":[48],"(SDR)":[49],"such":[51],"as":[52,191,320,345],"bladeRF":[53],"HackRF":[55],"[3,":[56],"4]":[57],"which":[58,74,127,196,375,432],"cause":[60],"serious":[61],"complications":[62],"to":[63,101,136,149,211,297,309,319,327,344,379,382,436,444],"especially":[70],"for":[71,316,357],"self-driving":[72],"cars":[73],"driven":[76],"on":[78,124],"information":[80,172,207,473],"from":[81,173,429],"sensors,":[82],"cameras,":[83],"GPS.":[85],"this":[87,293,352,415,488],"work,":[88],"we":[89],"design":[90],"new":[92],"authentication":[94,98,485],"called":[96],"lightweight":[97],"(AuthGPS)":[100],"authenticate":[102],"against":[105,222],"spoofing":[107,126,225,244,275,282,299,331],"LTE":[109,153,174,186,200,475],"base":[110,175,187,201,476],"station":[111,188,202],"broadcast":[112],"message":[113,459],"spoofing.":[114,439],"past,":[117],"there":[118,218],"have":[119],"many":[121],"successful":[122],"attempts":[123],"resulted":[128],"in":[129,289,487],"shifting":[130],"destination":[132],"spoofer's":[138],"desired":[139],"location.":[140],"case":[143,291],"where":[144],"is":[147,164,230,286,300,355,376,433,443,466],"connected":[148],"Internet":[151],"via":[152,474],"network,":[154],"find":[159],"out":[160],"if":[161,273],"acquiring":[167],"correct":[169],"satellite":[171,472],"stations'":[176,477],"location":[177,478],"information.":[178,203,479],"However,":[179,278],"skillful":[181],"attacker":[182,425],"spoof":[184,427],"signals":[189,393,428],"[7]":[190],"well":[192],"using":[193],"another":[194],"SDR":[195],"will":[197,213,268],"produce":[198],"Hence":[204],"giving":[205],"wrong":[206],"about":[208],"GPSinformation":[209],"according":[210],"attacker.":[216],"Currently,":[217],"defense":[220],"methods":[221,399],"[6].":[226,400],"One":[227],"them":[229],"signal-processing-based":[231],"methods.":[232],"By":[233],"monitoring":[234],"unusual":[235],"or":[236,457],"unreasonable":[237],"changes":[239],"at":[240,254],"receivers,":[242],"attack":[245,276,283,332],"detected.":[248],"Received":[249],"Power":[250],"Monitoring":[251,386],"(RPM)":[252],"looks":[253],"all":[255],"received":[257],"amplitude":[258],"automatic":[260],"gain":[261],"control":[262],"(AGC)":[263],"setpoint":[264],"[1].":[265],"The":[266,440],"receiver":[267,403],"sense":[269],"drastic":[270],"power":[271],"jump":[272],"occurs.":[277],"overly":[280],"powerful":[281],"with":[284,408,418],"noise":[285],"detectable":[288],"mechanism.":[294],"Another":[295],"way":[296],"detect":[298,437],"symmetric-key":[302],"encryption":[303],"mechanism":[304],"signals.":[307],"According":[308],"previous":[310],"research":[311],"[2],":[312],"encrypted":[313],"precision":[314],"code":[315,354,363],"anti-spoofing":[317],"referred":[318,343],"P(Y)":[321,349,353,384],"code,":[322,342,347],"might":[323],"able":[326],"spoofed.":[329],"A":[330,401],"detected":[335],"calculating":[337],"cross-correlation":[338],"between":[339],"coarse/acquisition":[341],"C/A":[346,362],"code.":[350,385],"Unfortunately,":[351],"only":[356],"military":[358],"purpose":[359],"while":[360],"publicly":[366],"accessible.":[367],"This":[368],"method":[369],"requires":[370],"knowledge":[371],"specific":[373],"key":[374],"revealed":[378],"public":[381],"decrypt":[383],"direction":[388],"arrival":[390],"one":[396],"measures":[404],"direction-of-arrival":[406],"vector":[407],"more":[409,434],"than":[410],"3":[411],"antennas.":[412],"Even":[413],"though":[414],"signal-geometrybased":[416],"multiple":[419,430],"antennas":[420],"makes":[421],"robust,":[423],"directions,":[431],"difficult":[435],"idea":[441],"here":[442],"develop":[445],"discriminate":[450],"without":[454],"complex":[455],"computation":[456],"heavy":[458],"exchange.":[460],"An":[461],"important":[462],"component":[463],"AuthGPS":[465],"verification":[468],"valid":[470],"We":[480],"propose":[481],"6-digit":[482],"one-time":[483],"password-based":[484],"paper.":[489]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}